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[ { "title": "READ | Smart Meters vs Analogue Meters", "nid": "497", "body": "\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EHow certain are you that you\u2019re being billed accurately for your electricity consumption?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn this article, we compare smart meters to analogue meters. We outline the working principle of a smart meter, and discuss their pros and cons for both the consumer and the electric utility.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat are meters used for?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAn electric meter is used to measure how much electricity is being consumed in a residential or commercial building. It provides data on the amount of electricity consumed to power the lights, heating and cooling systems or any electrical device installed in your home or facility. These meters can either be an analogue meter or a digital \u201Csmart\u201D meter.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EElectrical power usage is measured in kilowatt hours (kWh). A kilowatt hour represents the consumption of 1000 watts in one hour of time. The electricity bill you receive every month is calculated by multiplying the amount of electricity consumed and the tariff rate.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAnalogue Meters\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAn analogue electrical meter is a device that is useful for monitoring electricity usage on a periodic basis, as well as checking the accuracy of electric bills monthly. The device consists of running dials that are best read by trained personnel. The purpose of the device is to indicate how much electricity has been used since the previous reading. Representatives from the electric utility or municipality will have to take monthly readings to determine your electricity consumption.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cfigure role=\u0022group\u0022 class=\u0022caption caption-img align-center\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cimg alt=\u0022analogue meter\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022c9dbcbc3-9227-49ae-afd1-67d7e6e0605e\u0022 height=\u0022388\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/electric-meter-replacement-500x500.jpg\u0022 width=\u0022325\u0022 /\u003E\n\u003Cfigcaption\u003EAnalogue Meter\u003C/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESmart Meters\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA smart meter is an interactive and multifunctional device, compared to an analogue meter. It performs the function of recording electricity use daily, and shares the information between electricity suppliers and consumers. This sharing of information is conducted over wireless frequency networks. A smart meter used for a home energy management system allows for an advanced metering infrastructure to be created with supporting interactive devices. This system manages energy consumption. For example, a smart meter can be programmed to reduce the electricity consumed during non-peak hours, reducing costs in the future. \u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cfigure role=\u0022group\u0022 class=\u0022caption caption-img align-center\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Schneider PM8240 smart meter \u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00222caf1a14-b3c3-4cd1-922d-74eb36444d7f\u0022 height=\u0022212\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/METSEPM8240.JPG\u0022 width=\u0022321\u0022 /\u003E\n\u003Cfigcaption\u003ESchneider Electric PM8240 Smart Meter\u003C/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow Does a Smart Meter Work?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA smart electricity meter operates by measuring the voltage and electrical current flow at regular intervals. Using this data, it then adds up the power consumed in 30-minute intervals. This information is then sent to your in-home display and to your electricity supplier. Different communication technologies are used in different kinds of premises. For example, a Home Area Network (HAN) is used to communicate with your in-home display, whilst a different technology will be implemented to allow a Wide Area Network (WAN) to send data to and from the communications company.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EApart from measuring energy, the meter is also able to constantly monitor its own performance and environment. An example of this, is that in the event of the meter having an internal memory problem or if the terminal cover has been removed, then the meter will report it. The supplier will then send someone to resolve the problem after contacting you.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022diagram\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022f7f71c49-55cc-40ec-8013-05b40c95846a\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Smart%20meters%20diagram.png\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cfigure role=\u0022group\u0022 class=\u0022caption caption-img align-center\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Typical load profile\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022342f1d90-afa9-4f99-b970-acd998acbdf4\u0022 height=\u0022228\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Typical%20load%20profile%20generated%20from%20a%20Smart%20Meter%20reading.JPG\u0022 width=\u0022887\u0022 /\u003E\n\u003Cfigcaption\u003ETypical load profile generated from a Smart Meter reading\u003C/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAdvantages of Smart Meters for Consumers\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EMore accurate readings can be obtained as the risk of human error would be removed.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EA smart meter allows for a far greater and a more detailed feedback regarding energy use.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EIt enables the consumer to adjust their habits so that they can reduce their electricity bill.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe use of a smart meter will assist in highlighting faulty appliances. As it indicates the usage at any time, it will allow you to notice any sudden spikes in electricity that could be associated with a faulty appliance. Therefore, identifying these promptly will ensure that the fault is dealt with quickly and safely. \u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDisadvantages of Smart Meters for Consumers\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAn increase in cost for the installation of a new meter.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThere are privacy concerns for the personal data that is collected and how it will be used.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe consumer has an increase in responsibilities for the meter.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAdvantages of Smart Meters for Electric Companies\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe use of it will eliminate manual monthly meter readings.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EMonitors the electrical system in real time.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe use of the meter will encourage more efficient use of power resources.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EIt assists in providing more responsive data for the balancing of electric loads whilst reducing blackouts.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EIt allows for dynamic pricing.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe use of the device will allow for the optimization of profit with existing resources.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDisadvantages of Smart Meters for Electric Companies\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAn electrical company will incur an additional cost to train personnel, develop equipment and implement new processes for data storage.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe company will have to manage public reaction and feedback concerning new meters.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EMaking a long-term financial commitment to new hardware/software.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EEnsuring the security and privacy of metering data.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERESOURCES:\u00A0\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EClick \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=NEW-SERIES--Understanding-Net-Metering---Part-2\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHERE\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E to learn about Net Metering\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EClick \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.pmedemo.biz/web/#Trends/\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHERE\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E to view Schneider\u0027s Power Monitoring demo site\u00A0\u003Cstrong\u003E(Username \u0026amp; Password: demo)\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENeed a smart metering solution? \u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Electrical Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E to us!\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "May 2021", "terms": "Solar, Back-Up Power, Education" }, { "title": "READ | Unpacking the 15% Tariff Increase", "nid": "494", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-solar/index.php\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022electricity\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u002227507dde-4914-4df7-886e-e3c3a382fc5e\u0022 height=\u0022278\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Electricitycosts.jpg\u0022 width=\u0022444\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe cost of electricity is increasing. Coupled with the financial impact of the pandemic and the instability of our power supply, the rising cost of electricity is certainly a matter not to be ignored.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn this article, we give an overview of the latest tariff increase that was approved by the Gauteng High Court, how much it will cost, as well as the reasoning behind the increase. We also discuss the impact on the vulnerable industrial sectors, and pose solutions to lessen the impact of the rising electricity costs.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EThe tariff increase explained\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ESouth Africans are expected to experience a sharp increase in electricity costs. This is a result of the Gauteng High Court ruling that R10 billion be added to Eskom\u2019s allowable revenue for the 2021/2022 financial year. This increase comes at a time after a recent a R6 billion increase was approved by the regulator, which started in April 2021. As stated by the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA), this will result in an average tariff percentage increase of 15.63% in 2021/2022.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe ruling follows the allowance of Eskom\u2019s application to recover R23 billion in the 2021/2022 financial year, as per a court judgement that was handed down in July 2020. It was found by the court that NERSA should not have included a R69 billion government bailout into the calculations when it was determining the tariff increase for the utility.\u00A0 As a result, NERSA must now add the required R69 billion which will be broken up into three amounts of R23 billion, which will be added to electricity tariffs over the next three financial years.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EInstead of the R23 billion being recovered, R10 billion was agreed, as NERSA had already decided on other Eskom applications that will cause a tariff increase in the 2021/2022 financial year.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EHow Much Will the Tariff Increase Cost?\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAs per the court ruling, the average standard tariff for Eskom customers will increase by 5.44c/kWh, resulting in the aggregate average standard tariff for direct customers being 134.30c/kWh.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EWhy Has There Been an Increase in Electricity Tariffs?\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAccording to the power utility, the order will contribute to the \u201Cuser pay\u201D principle and it will likely reduce the financial burden of the government supporting Eskom. This will allow the government to focus on other priorities. The \u201Cuser pay\u201D principle is a pricing approach that is based on the idea that the most efficient allocation of resources will occur when the consumer pays the full cost of the goods that they consume.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EEskom also stated that the implementation of this order will enable the power utility to move towards addressing the revenue shortfalls that it had experienced, and will allow the company to recover the incurred costs to produce electricity. This will help improve Eskom\u2019s financial sustainability.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EIs all lost for the poor and the vulnerable industrial sectors?\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ENot entirely\u2026 Eskom\u2019s Chief Financial Officer, Calib Cassim, welcomed the decision made by the Gauteng High Court and stressed that poor residential customers will still be supported by the free basic electricity programme as well as affordable subsidies provided for in the NERSA tariff decision.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIndustrial sectors that have been identified as vulnerable have been considered by NERSA and have both short-term and long-term negotiated pricing agreements which was put into effect by the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003ECan these rising electricity costs be avoided?\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe implementation of energy-efficient measures and alternative power, such as a solar system, can reduce reliance on the electricity grid. Although the initial cost of a PV system can be high, the increase in electricity tariffs has reduced the duration of the return on investment.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EWe can help you to reduce your electricity bills and your carbon footprint. \u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E to us now!\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "May 2021", "terms": "Solar, Education" }, { "title": "LEARN | Understanding SANS10142 - DC Installations", "nid": "490", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022PV installation\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00228ed0a583-c032-4236-b0ea-5b0bcdd68430\u0022 height=\u0022282\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/solar-power-installer.jpg\u0022 width=\u0022471\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EInstalling a PV system? Are you familiar with the guidelines set for DC installations in SANS10142-1:2020?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ENot really? Then this article is for YOU!\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EWe\u2019re unpacking the SANS10142-1 DC installation standards, to ensure you understand what is required to perform these installations safely. In this article, we give an overview of equipment selection, earthing requirements, overcurrent protection, earth faults and disconnection.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe Selection of Equipment and Circuits\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIt is required that all the equipment, as well as the protection devices, that are used in a DC installation operate on DC voltages. Furthermore, they must be suitably rated for the installation.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIf batteries are used in an installation, all protection devices and conductors selected must be based on the batteries\u2019 short-circuit current rating.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe live polarity of an installation is the conductor that is not connected to earth. This can either be a positive on a negative-earth system or a negative on a positive-earth system. The earth or \u201C0V\u2019\u201D polarity is the conductor that is connected to earth.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEarthing \u0026amp; Bonding Requirements for DC power supply circuit installations\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EEarth electrodes shall comply with the specifications set out by SANS 1063, and must be installed in accordance with the SANS 10199 document. These electrodes must be bonded to the main earthing terminal of the electrical installation. Moreover, the main earthing terminal of the installation should be bonded to the consumers\u2019 earth terminal.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIt is required that the common bonding network should be bonded to the main earthing terminal by at least one point.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe accessible conductive parts of the installation such as rectifier cabinets, equipment racks, equipment cabinets, enclosures, grids, wires should be bonded to the common bonding network.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EFurthermore, in the event of a fault occurring between the live power conductor of the secondary supply and the common bonding network, then the DC return path in its entire length must be able to carry the subsequent overcurrent.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOvercurrent Protection\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIt is a requirement that an overcurrent protection device be installed at both ends of the conductor between the live terminals of the battery and the battery charger, and as close as possible to the terminals.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EFor other circuits that are part of the installation, the following overcurrent protection is required:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EEach phase conductor that is part of the installation should be protected against overload and short-circuit currents by at least one protective device. The protective devices that are selected must have a rated current that does not exceed the lowest of the current-carrying capabilities of any of the conductors of the circuit. These protective devices must have a minimum\u00A0 short circuit rating of 2.5 kA.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA DC installation that consists of multiple sources of power must have each source of power protected individually.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe following should be noted:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col style=\u0022list-style-type:lower-alpha;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAn example of an overcurrent protective device could be a circuit-breaker that interrupts the supply to all the phase conductors of the circuit.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA single device or separate devices can be used to provide for both overload and short-circuit protection.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe protective device is not required to disconnect the neutral conductor unless stated in the SANS 10142 document.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIf an installation consists of a control device, then each circuit that feeds from such a device requires an overcurrent protection device.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003Cstrong\u003EProtection of an Installation or a Live Conductor Against Earth Faults\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E1. The nominal cross-sectional area of the earth continuity conductor must be selected according to the table below:\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022table 1\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00226ed0bb89-8caf-42bb-954b-fb0bf07aab96\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Table%201_0.png\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E2. There should be suitable protection installed.\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E3. The earth fault detection and disconnecting device can be installed at the point of control of the installation, when the supply cannot be automatically disconnected by an earth fault current whose magnitude is double the rated current, or higher. The device should be installed so that it operates at a current related to the earth-loop impedance that will limit prospective touch voltages under short-circuit fault conditions to 25V, for a period not exceeding 5 seconds.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt should be noted that:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col style=\u0022list-style-type:lower-alpha;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThese requirements can be achieved with the use of \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-electrical/index.php\u0022\u003Ean earth-leakage device\u003C/a\u003E that has a rated earth-leakage tripping current not exceeding 300 mA. Devices that are installed with a time delay will ensure discrimination with earth leakage protection devices in final circuits.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe use of separate earth fault protection that consist of sensitive earth leakage protection can sometimes be not practicable when large currents are involved.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDisconnection\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIf the DC installation consists of one of the polarities being connected to earth, then all switch disconnectors and protective devices must break the live polarity only. The return circuit should not be disconnected or broken.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIt is vital to note that the entire system must be safely installed by the guidelines and standards that are set out by the entire SANS 10142-1:2020 document, and not only the DC Installation section.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsidering installing a \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-solar/index.php\u0022\u003EPV system\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E? We can assist with a design, guide you on products, and ensure a compliant installation.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT \u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003Eto us now!\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/div\u003E\n", "created": "May 2021", "terms": "Solar, Education" }, { "title": "LEARN | Understanding SANS10142 - Alternative Supplies (Part 2)", "nid": "488", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Green Power\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00226ed37f2e-f47e-4317-a186-88c862863c71\u0022 height=\u0022274\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/alternative-energy-sources-featured.jpg\u0022 width=\u0022422\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=LEARN--Understanding-SANS10142---Alternative-Supplies-Part-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPart 1\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E of this NEW series, we unpack the requirements and standards of \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-solar/index.php\u0022\u003Ealternative power supplies\u003C/a\u003E as per SANS 10142-1:2020.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EWe conclude the series by wrapping up these requirements, unpacking overcurrent protection, identification of DC conductors and other additional requirements\u2026\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOvercurrent Protection\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe overcurrent protection requirements that are needed for an alternative supply are:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EOvercurrent protection and isolation should be located as close as possible to the output terminals of the alternative supply. This is not applicable in situations where the cable connecting the unit to the distribution board is mechanically protected and is regarded to be within the fault-free zone of the distribution board where protection is installed.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe magnetic characteristic of a circuit breaker must be of a low threshold value in view of the high impedance.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EOvercurrent protection is also needed for the protection of the conductors.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIf an alternate supply system is required to operate in parallel with main supply or where two or more alternate supplies may operate in parallel, then the circulating harmonic effects should be limited to not exceed the thermal rating of the conductor. Circulating harmonic currents can be limited by:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe selection of an alternate supply system with compensated windings.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe provision of suitable impedance in the connection to alternate supply system generator star position.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe provision of switches which interrupt the circulatory circuit but are always interlocked so that protection is not impaired.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe provision of filtering equipment\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAny other suitable means.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow are DC Conductors Identified?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe positive and negative conductors of a DC circuit are colour coded as red and black or blue, respectively.\u00A0 Conductors can also be colour coded at the end of the conductor by a durable colour marking such as insulating sleeves.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf symbols are used to identify conductors, then:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe polarity of a positive conductor is identified by a \u201C\u002B\u201D symbol located at either ends of the conductor by printed adhesive tapes or cable markers.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe polarity of a negative conductor is identified by a \u201C-\u201D symbol located at either ends of the conductor by printed adhesive tapes or cable markers.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstallations may also contain both AC and DC circuits and if these conductors are colour coded then it is required that the DC conductors have symbols added at both ends of the conductor to distinguish them from the AC conductors.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat are the Requirements for a System where an Alternate supply is used as a switched alternative to the main supply?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPrecautions are required to be taken so that the alternate supply does not operate in parallel with the main supply. The following are suitable precautions that can be made:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAn electrical, mechanical, or electromechanical interlock between the operating mechanisms or control circuits of the changeover switching devices could be installed.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EA system of locks with a single transferable key can be implemented.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EA three-position break-before-make changeover switch.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAn automatic changeover switching device with suitable interlock.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAn inverter if it complies with IEC 62116 standards.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is also required that the control panel can be either set mounted or be a free-standing cabinet but in both cases the cabinet will be considered a control assembly.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat are the Additional Requirements for Photovoltaic (PV) or similar installation that are used as an alternative supply to the main supply?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe following are the necessary requirements for PV or other similar systems that are used as an alternative supply to the main supply:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe PV installation should comply with SANS 60364-7-712.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EPolycrystalline and monocrystalline solar panels must comply with SANS 61215 whilst thin film solar panels shall comply with SANS 61646.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe rated voltage for each circuit must be indicated at all ends of the circuit. It is required that every circuit be easily reliable in the case of combined circuits. If single core conductors are used, then the conductors for each circuit must be tied together at intervals to ensure identification, unless another arrangement is used.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ESwitch-disconnection arrangements are required for installations that consist of an inverter, battery arrangement and PV panels.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe DC component of the installation for PV installations will be investigated further in an upcoming series.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENeed a solution for an alternative power supply?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E to us now!\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Apr 2021", "terms": "Solar, Education" }, { "title": "LEARN | Understanding SANS10142 - Alternative Supplies (Part 1)", "nid": "486", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Alternative Power Supplies\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00224d3167e5-a307-45db-b141-684c7fb8477c\u0022 height=\u0022327\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Solar-5.jpeg\u0022 width=\u0022653\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EBy now you would already be aware that the SANS 10142 document was updated in 2020. However, are you aware of the addition of an \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-solar/index.php\u0022\u003Ealternative supplies\u003C/a\u003E section for systems such as photovoltaic (PV) installations or gas generators? These are systems that one may use, at either their place of residence or business, to save on energy costs or in the event of a power-loss.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn Part 1 of this NEW series, we unpack the requirements and standards of alternative power supplies as per SANS 10142-1:2020.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAlternative supplies include, but are not limited to, low-voltage generating sets, photovoltaic installations, gas generators, diesel generators, wind turbines or a hydropower plant. We start by taking a closer look at the specific criteria for these systems\u2026\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERequirements for an Alternative Supply System\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIt is a requirement that for any form of alternative supply that is connected to an electrical installation, that a notice be displayed at the main switch of the installation. It is also required that:\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Col style=\u0022list-style-type:lower-alpha;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ESupplies power to certain circuits in a distribution board should have a power-on indicator installed on each distribution board, along with a notice that states the standby power main switch shall be switched off in the case of an emergency.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA notice should be displayed on each distribution board stating the alternative power supply is powering that part of the installation.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00222\u0022\u003EBoth the short circuit current and the earth fault current should be assessed for each source of supply, or a combination of the sources. These sources can operate independently of other sources or combinations. The short circuit rating for protective devices should not be exceeded for any method of operation.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00223\u0022\u003EIf the alternative supply is used to provide power to a system that is not connected to the main supply, then the capacity and the operating characteristics of the alternative supply should not cause any danger or damage to the equipment because of the connection or disconnection of any load. Disconnection of the installation must occur automatically if the capacity of the alternative supply is exceeded.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00224\u0022\u003EA change-over switching device is required if the alternative supply of an installation is a switched alternative to the main supply. The changeover switch must disconnect the main supply before switching on the alternative supply. Moreover, the switch must be interlocked in such a way that the main supply and the alternative supply cannot be connected to the installation, or any part of it, at the same time.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00225\u0022\u003EA socket outlet that is installed in a circuit on standby power must be protected by an earth leakage protection device with a rated earth leakage tripping current not exceeding 30 mA. This is applicable to all installations except where otherwise permitted in SANS 10142.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00226\u0022\u003EA 230V generator that has a V-O-V (centre tap on winding which is earthed) earth connection must not be connected to the fixed electrical installation. This generator can be used as a free-standing unit, but used to provide power to specific appliances.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00227\u0022\u003EAs an inverter is a device that is required to be fastened or otherwise secured to a fixed location, and would require the use of tools to be moved to another location, it is considered as a fixed appliance. This will require the device to be installed according to the guidelines set by Section 6.16: Fixed Appliances of SANS 10142-1:2020.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEarthing Requirements and Earth Leakage Protection\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E - Neutral Bar Earthing\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe protection should be provided for an electrical installation in such a way that it ensures the correct operation of the protective devices, irrespective of the power source. These protection devices should not rely on the earth point of the main supply if the generator is switched on.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAn earth electrode should be installed according to SANS 10199, if there is no existing earth electrode. The earth electrode should be bonded to the consumer\u2019s earth terminal, as well as to the earthing point of the alternate supply by a conductor of at least half the cross-section of that phase conductor, but not less than 6mm\u003Csup\u003E2\u003C/sup\u003E. It should also be noted that an earth electrode is normally not required for an electrical installation in a TN system, and that protection of photovoltaics can be done by means of surge protective devices.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA system that consists of supplies from a combination of transformers and alternative supplies that are located near each other must have the neutral points of the items connected to a single earthed neutral bar. This earthed neutral bar must be the only point in the installation where the neutral is earthed. Earth leakage devices that are part of the installation should be positioned in such a way so that incorrect operation is avoided due to the existence of any parallel neutral/earth path.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAdditional requirements\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe following are additional requirements for installations that incorporate electrical supply derived from static inverters used with uninterruptible power supply (UPS) equipment, and both off-grid and on-grid photovoltaic installations:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe output of the unit should have an overcurrent protection device installed which is designed to disconnect the output of the unit in the case of overcurrent or earth faults that may occur. The impedance of the earth loop as well as the internal impedance of the unit must be in accordance with section 8.6.5 of SANS 10142.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00222\u0022\u003EAn earth leakage protection device for the alternative supply is needed for that part of the installation if a common neutral and bypass switch is used.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn Part 2 of the series, we continue to unpack the requirements as laid out in SANS10142.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EStay tuned to learn more about overcurrent protection, identification of DC conductors and the additional requirements PV installations.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ENeed a solution for an alternative power supply?\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E to us now!\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Apr 2021", "terms": "Solar, Education" } ]