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[ { "title": "LEARN | Understanding SANS10142 - DC Installations", "nid": "490", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022PV installation\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00228ed0a583-c032-4236-b0ea-5b0bcdd68430\u0022 height=\u0022282\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/solar-power-installer.jpg\u0022 width=\u0022471\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EInstalling a PV system? Are you familiar with the guidelines set for DC installations in SANS10142-1:2020?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ENot really? Then this article is for YOU!\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EWe\u2019re unpacking the SANS10142-1 DC installation standards, to ensure you understand what is required to perform these installations safely. In this article, we give an overview of equipment selection, earthing requirements, overcurrent protection, earth faults and disconnection.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe Selection of Equipment and Circuits\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIt is required that all the equipment, as well as the protection devices, that are used in a DC installation operate on DC voltages. Furthermore, they must be suitably rated for the installation.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIf batteries are used in an installation, all protection devices and conductors selected must be based on the batteries\u2019 short-circuit current rating.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe live polarity of an installation is the conductor that is not connected to earth. This can either be a positive on a negative-earth system or a negative on a positive-earth system. The earth or \u201C0V\u2019\u201D polarity is the conductor that is connected to earth.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEarthing \u0026amp; Bonding Requirements for DC power supply circuit installations\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EEarth electrodes shall comply with the specifications set out by SANS 1063, and must be installed in accordance with the SANS 10199 document. These electrodes must be bonded to the main earthing terminal of the electrical installation. Moreover, the main earthing terminal of the installation should be bonded to the consumers\u2019 earth terminal.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIt is required that the common bonding network should be bonded to the main earthing terminal by at least one point.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe accessible conductive parts of the installation such as rectifier cabinets, equipment racks, equipment cabinets, enclosures, grids, wires should be bonded to the common bonding network.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EFurthermore, in the event of a fault occurring between the live power conductor of the secondary supply and the common bonding network, then the DC return path in its entire length must be able to carry the subsequent overcurrent.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOvercurrent Protection\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIt is a requirement that an overcurrent protection device be installed at both ends of the conductor between the live terminals of the battery and the battery charger, and as close as possible to the terminals.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EFor other circuits that are part of the installation, the following overcurrent protection is required:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EEach phase conductor that is part of the installation should be protected against overload and short-circuit currents by at least one protective device. The protective devices that are selected must have a rated current that does not exceed the lowest of the current-carrying capabilities of any of the conductors of the circuit. These protective devices must have a minimum\u00A0 short circuit rating of 2.5 kA.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA DC installation that consists of multiple sources of power must have each source of power protected individually.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe following should be noted:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col style=\u0022list-style-type:lower-alpha;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAn example of an overcurrent protective device could be a circuit-breaker that interrupts the supply to all the phase conductors of the circuit.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA single device or separate devices can be used to provide for both overload and short-circuit protection.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe protective device is not required to disconnect the neutral conductor unless stated in the SANS 10142 document.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIf an installation consists of a control device, then each circuit that feeds from such a device requires an overcurrent protection device.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003Cstrong\u003EProtection of an Installation or a Live Conductor Against Earth Faults\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E1. The nominal cross-sectional area of the earth continuity conductor must be selected according to the table below:\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022table 1\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00226ed0bb89-8caf-42bb-954b-fb0bf07aab96\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Table%201_0.png\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E2. There should be suitable protection installed.\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E3. The earth fault detection and disconnecting device can be installed at the point of control of the installation, when the supply cannot be automatically disconnected by an earth fault current whose magnitude is double the rated current, or higher. The device should be installed so that it operates at a current related to the earth-loop impedance that will limit prospective touch voltages under short-circuit fault conditions to 25V, for a period not exceeding 5 seconds.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt should be noted that:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col style=\u0022list-style-type:lower-alpha;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThese requirements can be achieved with the use of \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-electrical/index.php\u0022\u003Ean earth-leakage device\u003C/a\u003E that has a rated earth-leakage tripping current not exceeding 300 mA. Devices that are installed with a time delay will ensure discrimination with earth leakage protection devices in final circuits.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe use of separate earth fault protection that consist of sensitive earth leakage protection can sometimes be not practicable when large currents are involved.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDisconnection\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIf the DC installation consists of one of the polarities being connected to earth, then all switch disconnectors and protective devices must break the live polarity only. The return circuit should not be disconnected or broken.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIt is vital to note that the entire system must be safely installed by the guidelines and standards that are set out by the entire SANS 10142-1:2020 document, and not only the DC Installation section.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsidering installing a \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-solar/index.php\u0022\u003EPV system\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E? We can assist with a design, guide you on products, and ensure a compliant installation.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT \u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003Eto us now!\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/div\u003E\n", "created": "May 2021", "terms": "Solar, Education" }, { "title": "LEARN | Understanding SANS10142 - Alternative Supplies (Part 2)", "nid": "488", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Green Power\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00226ed37f2e-f47e-4317-a186-88c862863c71\u0022 height=\u0022274\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/alternative-energy-sources-featured.jpg\u0022 width=\u0022422\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=LEARN--Understanding-SANS10142---Alternative-Supplies-Part-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPart 1\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E of this NEW series, we unpack the requirements and standards of \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-solar/index.php\u0022\u003Ealternative power supplies\u003C/a\u003E as per SANS 10142-1:2020.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EWe conclude the series by wrapping up these requirements, unpacking overcurrent protection, identification of DC conductors and other additional requirements\u2026\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOvercurrent Protection\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe overcurrent protection requirements that are needed for an alternative supply are:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EOvercurrent protection and isolation should be located as close as possible to the output terminals of the alternative supply. This is not applicable in situations where the cable connecting the unit to the distribution board is mechanically protected and is regarded to be within the fault-free zone of the distribution board where protection is installed.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe magnetic characteristic of a circuit breaker must be of a low threshold value in view of the high impedance.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EOvercurrent protection is also needed for the protection of the conductors.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIf an alternate supply system is required to operate in parallel with main supply or where two or more alternate supplies may operate in parallel, then the circulating harmonic effects should be limited to not exceed the thermal rating of the conductor. Circulating harmonic currents can be limited by:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe selection of an alternate supply system with compensated windings.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe provision of suitable impedance in the connection to alternate supply system generator star position.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe provision of switches which interrupt the circulatory circuit but are always interlocked so that protection is not impaired.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe provision of filtering equipment\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAny other suitable means.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow are DC Conductors Identified?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe positive and negative conductors of a DC circuit are colour coded as red and black or blue, respectively.\u00A0 Conductors can also be colour coded at the end of the conductor by a durable colour marking such as insulating sleeves.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf symbols are used to identify conductors, then:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe polarity of a positive conductor is identified by a \u201C\u002B\u201D symbol located at either ends of the conductor by printed adhesive tapes or cable markers.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe polarity of a negative conductor is identified by a \u201C-\u201D symbol located at either ends of the conductor by printed adhesive tapes or cable markers.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstallations may also contain both AC and DC circuits and if these conductors are colour coded then it is required that the DC conductors have symbols added at both ends of the conductor to distinguish them from the AC conductors.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat are the Requirements for a System where an Alternate supply is used as a switched alternative to the main supply?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPrecautions are required to be taken so that the alternate supply does not operate in parallel with the main supply. The following are suitable precautions that can be made:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAn electrical, mechanical, or electromechanical interlock between the operating mechanisms or control circuits of the changeover switching devices could be installed.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EA system of locks with a single transferable key can be implemented.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EA three-position break-before-make changeover switch.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAn automatic changeover switching device with suitable interlock.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAn inverter if it complies with IEC 62116 standards.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is also required that the control panel can be either set mounted or be a free-standing cabinet but in both cases the cabinet will be considered a control assembly.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat are the Additional Requirements for Photovoltaic (PV) or similar installation that are used as an alternative supply to the main supply?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe following are the necessary requirements for PV or other similar systems that are used as an alternative supply to the main supply:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe PV installation should comply with SANS 60364-7-712.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EPolycrystalline and monocrystalline solar panels must comply with SANS 61215 whilst thin film solar panels shall comply with SANS 61646.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe rated voltage for each circuit must be indicated at all ends of the circuit. It is required that every circuit be easily reliable in the case of combined circuits. If single core conductors are used, then the conductors for each circuit must be tied together at intervals to ensure identification, unless another arrangement is used.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ESwitch-disconnection arrangements are required for installations that consist of an inverter, battery arrangement and PV panels.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe DC component of the installation for PV installations will be investigated further in an upcoming series.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENeed a solution for an alternative power supply?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E to us now!\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Apr 2021", "terms": "Solar, Education" }, { "title": "LEARN | Understanding SANS10142 - Alternative Supplies (Part 1)", "nid": "486", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Alternative Power Supplies\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00224d3167e5-a307-45db-b141-684c7fb8477c\u0022 height=\u0022327\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Solar-5.jpeg\u0022 width=\u0022653\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EBy now you would already be aware that the SANS 10142 document was updated in 2020. However, are you aware of the addition of an \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-solar/index.php\u0022\u003Ealternative supplies\u003C/a\u003E section for systems such as photovoltaic (PV) installations or gas generators? These are systems that one may use, at either their place of residence or business, to save on energy costs or in the event of a power-loss.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn Part 1 of this NEW series, we unpack the requirements and standards of alternative power supplies as per SANS 10142-1:2020.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAlternative supplies include, but are not limited to, low-voltage generating sets, photovoltaic installations, gas generators, diesel generators, wind turbines or a hydropower plant. We start by taking a closer look at the specific criteria for these systems\u2026\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERequirements for an Alternative Supply System\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIt is a requirement that for any form of alternative supply that is connected to an electrical installation, that a notice be displayed at the main switch of the installation. It is also required that:\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Col style=\u0022list-style-type:lower-alpha;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ESupplies power to certain circuits in a distribution board should have a power-on indicator installed on each distribution board, along with a notice that states the standby power main switch shall be switched off in the case of an emergency.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA notice should be displayed on each distribution board stating the alternative power supply is powering that part of the installation.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00222\u0022\u003EBoth the short circuit current and the earth fault current should be assessed for each source of supply, or a combination of the sources. These sources can operate independently of other sources or combinations. The short circuit rating for protective devices should not be exceeded for any method of operation.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00223\u0022\u003EIf the alternative supply is used to provide power to a system that is not connected to the main supply, then the capacity and the operating characteristics of the alternative supply should not cause any danger or damage to the equipment because of the connection or disconnection of any load. Disconnection of the installation must occur automatically if the capacity of the alternative supply is exceeded.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00224\u0022\u003EA change-over switching device is required if the alternative supply of an installation is a switched alternative to the main supply. The changeover switch must disconnect the main supply before switching on the alternative supply. Moreover, the switch must be interlocked in such a way that the main supply and the alternative supply cannot be connected to the installation, or any part of it, at the same time.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00225\u0022\u003EA socket outlet that is installed in a circuit on standby power must be protected by an earth leakage protection device with a rated earth leakage tripping current not exceeding 30 mA. This is applicable to all installations except where otherwise permitted in SANS 10142.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00226\u0022\u003EA 230V generator that has a V-O-V (centre tap on winding which is earthed) earth connection must not be connected to the fixed electrical installation. This generator can be used as a free-standing unit, but used to provide power to specific appliances.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00227\u0022\u003EAs an inverter is a device that is required to be fastened or otherwise secured to a fixed location, and would require the use of tools to be moved to another location, it is considered as a fixed appliance. This will require the device to be installed according to the guidelines set by Section 6.16: Fixed Appliances of SANS 10142-1:2020.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEarthing Requirements and Earth Leakage Protection\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E - Neutral Bar Earthing\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe protection should be provided for an electrical installation in such a way that it ensures the correct operation of the protective devices, irrespective of the power source. These protection devices should not rely on the earth point of the main supply if the generator is switched on.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAn earth electrode should be installed according to SANS 10199, if there is no existing earth electrode. The earth electrode should be bonded to the consumer\u2019s earth terminal, as well as to the earthing point of the alternate supply by a conductor of at least half the cross-section of that phase conductor, but not less than 6mm\u003Csup\u003E2\u003C/sup\u003E. It should also be noted that an earth electrode is normally not required for an electrical installation in a TN system, and that protection of photovoltaics can be done by means of surge protective devices.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA system that consists of supplies from a combination of transformers and alternative supplies that are located near each other must have the neutral points of the items connected to a single earthed neutral bar. This earthed neutral bar must be the only point in the installation where the neutral is earthed. Earth leakage devices that are part of the installation should be positioned in such a way so that incorrect operation is avoided due to the existence of any parallel neutral/earth path.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAdditional requirements\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe following are additional requirements for installations that incorporate electrical supply derived from static inverters used with uninterruptible power supply (UPS) equipment, and both off-grid and on-grid photovoltaic installations:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe output of the unit should have an overcurrent protection device installed which is designed to disconnect the output of the unit in the case of overcurrent or earth faults that may occur. The impedance of the earth loop as well as the internal impedance of the unit must be in accordance with section 8.6.5 of SANS 10142.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00222\u0022\u003EAn earth leakage protection device for the alternative supply is needed for that part of the installation if a common neutral and bypass switch is used.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn Part 2 of the series, we continue to unpack the requirements as laid out in SANS10142.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EStay tuned to learn more about overcurrent protection, identification of DC conductors and the additional requirements PV installations.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ENeed a solution for an alternative power supply?\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E to us now!\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Apr 2021", "terms": "Solar, Education" }, { "title": "Read | Understanding Carbon Tax - part 2", "nid": "484", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022emissions\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u002242e16af0-03ab-44ef-921c-8694fc17314e\u0022 height=\u0022358\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/bloom-carbon-sasol-1-1-1600x800.jpg\u0022 width=\u0022716\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter almost a decade in the works, South Africa\u2019s carbon tax was finally signed into law in 2019. In a bid to mitigate the impacts of climate change, government now taxes greenhouse gas emissions. This tax applies to anyone with emissions, including municipalities.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=Read--Understanding-Carbon-Tax---part-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPart 1\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E of the series, we introduced you to the Carbon Tax Act. We gave a basic introduction to greenhouse gases and how the Carbon Tax works. We ended off with an explanation as to how the revenue service measures the amount of emissions produced by your plant.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn Part 2, we give an overview of how the carbon tax is calculated. We then move on to explaining how you can reduce the carbon footprint of your plant.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow is the Carbon Tax Liability Calculated?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA factory\u2019s total greenhouse gas emission is obtained by multiplying both the quantity of each greenhouse gas produced (kg/year) and the global warming potential figure. These six numbers, for each greenhouse gas, are then summed and referred to as the carbon dioxide equivalent emission.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EInitially, the carbon tax rate was implemented at R120 per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions.\u00A0 The rate will increase annually by inflation plus a further 2% until 2022, and thereafter annually by inflation.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ESARS has also allowed specific industries to have a nett carbon tax rate ranging from R6 to R48 per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. This is implemented to provide current emitters time to transition their operation to cleaner technologies through investments in energy efficiency, renewables, and other low-carbon measures.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ETaxpayers can also use tax-free allowances to reduce their tax obligation. These allowances are then given as rebates or refunds when verified.\u00A0 The following allowances have been permitted:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAllowance for fossil fuel combustion \u2013 60%\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ECarbon budget allowance \u2013 5%\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ETrade exposure allowance \u2013 10%\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EPerformance allowance \u2013 5%\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAllowance for industrial process emissions\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EOffset allowance \u2013 5%\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAllowance in respect of fugitive emissions\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEnsure that you are compliant\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EPersons that conduct activities that are above the threshold must license each of their emission generation facilities with SARS as customs and excise manufacturing warehouses for environmental levy purposes.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReducing Carbon Emissions\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EYour plant can reduce its carbon footprint by implementing the following procedures:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMonitor energy usage\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tImplementing smart meters to indicate which part of your business uses the most amount of energy will help you manage your usage more accurately\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReduce energy usage\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tOnce you have identified the part of your plant that is wasting energy, it is possible to tighten up and become more efficient. Small changes such as switching off machines that are on standby and switching lights and computers off can contribute to a reduction in energy usage.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EImprove the energy efficiency in your plant\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tConsider making a few of these changes:\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t-\u00A0Change the light bulbs of your plant to LED\u2019s\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t-\u00A0Switch off artificial light where possible and use natural light\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t-\u00A0Optimize air compressors\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t-\u00A0Regular maintenance of machinery and equipment\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t-\u00A0Control the heating and cooling of the building\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00224\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERecycle\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tEnsure your plant has a good recycling system in place. It is essential to first attempt to minimise waste but if it\u2019s not possible, it is best to recycle or reuse.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00225\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESwitch to green energy\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tUsing \u2018green\u2019 energy, such as solar power, will assist in reducing the carbon footprint of your factory.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Solar\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022a5ab3bee-1295-4c2e-84ad-7c1a08fbd49c\u0022 height=\u0022309\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/solar%20energy.jpg\u0022 width=\u0022927\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you would like to reduce the carbon footprint in your plant as well as help create a better and cleaner environment for your employees, \u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E to our experts now!\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Apr 2021", "terms": "Solar, Education" }, { "title": "Read | Understanding Carbon Tax - part 1", "nid": "483", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022carbon tax\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022c99034c9-6f0e-49df-8a66-2a4ebc251005\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/CO2%20image.png\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EDo you know about the Carbon Tax Act that was implemented in 2019? Are you aware that your plant may be liable to pay for greenhouse gases it releases throughout the year?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ENo? Then this two-part series of articles is for you!\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn Part 1, we take a look at the Carbon Tax Act that was implemented on the 1\u003Csup\u003Est\u003C/sup\u003E of June 2019. We start with a basic introduction to greenhouse gases and what causes them. We then move on to how the Carbon Tax works, and how the revenue service measures the amount of emissions produced by your plant. \u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn Part 2, we will give an overview of how the carbon tax is calculated and then shed some light on how you can reduce the carbon footprint of your plant.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESouth Africa is the 14\u003Csup\u003Eth\u003C/sup\u003E largest greenhouse gas emitter in the world.\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EGiven the global attention paid to Climate Change of late, it has become increasingly vital for our country to reduce emissions. Therefore, carbon tax was implemented with the intention to encourage cleaner practices.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat Causes Greenhouse Gases?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EFuel combustion is one of the most common activities that result in the emission of greenhouse gases. For example, companies that use boilers in their plant fall under the fuel combustion category. These companies will have to comply with the Carbon Tax act.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EGreenhouse gases are also emitted from other processes apart from fuel combustion. Moreover, certain activities also inadvertently release greenhouse gases as fugitive emissions.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe Carbon Tax Act lists a range of industrial activities that release greenhouse gases. These activities are then further classified as causing either combustion process or fugitive emissions.\u00A0 The carbon tax obligation of the taxpayer is equivalent to the sum of the taxpayer\u2019s combustion process and the fugitive emissions released.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhich Pollutants are referred to as Greenhouse Gases?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe carbon tax act lists six greenhouse gasses that are emitted from industrial activities. These pollutants are\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ECarbon Dioxide (CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C/sub\u003E),\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EMethane (CH\u003Csub\u003E4\u003C/sub\u003E),\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ENitrous Oxide (N\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C/sub\u003EO),\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EHydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EPerfluorocarbons (PFCs) \u00A0and\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ESulphur Hexafluoride (SF6)\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow does Carbon Tax Work?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe treasury has implemented a 10 MW installed thermal input capacity threshold for combustion activities that result in emissions. This indicates that, regardless of utilisation or the fuel type, if your plant has the capacity to combust a minimum of 10MW (thermal), then your emissions will be subjected to carbon tax. It is required that the input capacity consist of the sum of all input capacities across all your facilities.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA lot of processes and fugitive emissions have no threshold which will result in you being taxed regardless how small your operation is. Activities such as domestic aviation and CO\u003Csub\u003E2 \u003C/sub\u003Etransport have unique thresholds, whilst certain activities such as stationary air conditioning, are not subjected to tax at all.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat are the Scopes of Emissions?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EScope 1\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\nAll Direct Emissions from the activities of an organisation or under their control. Including fuel combustion on site such as gas boilers, fleet vehicles and air-conditioning leaks.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EOnly Scope 1 emissions are taxable.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EScope 2 \u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\nIndirect Emissions from electricity purchased and used by the organisation. Emissions are created during the production of the energy and eventually used by the organisation.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EScope 3 \u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\nAll Other Indirect Emissions from activities of the organisation, occurring from sources that they do not own or control. These are usually the greatest share of the carbon footprint, covering emissions associated with business travel, procurement, waste and water.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EScope 2 and 3 emissions are indirect, and thus the consequence is tariff increases.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Scopes\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u002253ae27a2-54c6-4d1b-bfc3-e0cac5d29bc8\u0022 height=\u0022279\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/scopes-1-2-3-definition-2.jpg\u0022 width=\u0022625\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow are emissions measured?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe activities in your plant will be subjected to a carbon tax if the combined capacity of your plant is over the threshold limit. The amount of tax that is paid depends on the actual emissions of the plant, but it is difficult and expensive to accurately measure.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmitters in the country will have the option of using \u2018emission factors\u2019 that have been established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. These factors are used to give an estimation of greenhouse gases that are emitted, depending on the amount of fuel burned or the amount of product produced. \u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe emission factors for greenhouse gases are depicted in the table below:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Ctable border=\u00221\u0022 cellpadding=\u00220\u0022 cellspacing=\u00220\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:301px;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-center\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGreenhouse Gas\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:301px;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-center\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGlobal Warming Potential\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:301px;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-center\u0022\u003ECarbon Dioxide (CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C/sub\u003E)\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:301px;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-center\u0022\u003E1\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:301px;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-center\u0022\u003EMethane (CH\u003Csub\u003E4\u003C/sub\u003E)\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:301px;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-center\u0022\u003E23\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:301px;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-center\u0022\u003ENitrous Oxide (N\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C/sub\u003EO)\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:301px;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-center\u0022\u003E296\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:301px;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-center\u0022\u003EHexafluoroethane (C\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C/sub\u003EF\u003Csub\u003E6\u003C/sub\u003E)\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:301px;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-center\u0022\u003E11 900\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:301px;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-center\u0022\u003ECarbon Tetrafluoride (CF\u003Csub\u003E4\u003C/sub\u003E)\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:301px;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-center\u0022\u003E5700\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:301px;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-center\u0022\u003ESulphur Hexafluoride (SF6)\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:301px;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-center\u0022\u003E22 200\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\n\u003C/table\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u00A0As time progresses, more accurate domestic emission factors will be developed for use in South Africa.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsidering renewable energy?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe offer specialised solar solutions. \u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E to us for:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EGrid-tied, hybrid and off-grid solar system design and installation\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EBespoke solutions specific to your application and energy goals\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EGuaranteed system performance\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Apr 2021", "terms": "Solar, Education" } ]