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[ { "title": "LEARN | Emergency Lighting- Part 2 ", "nid": "594", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/contactus.html\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Fig 1\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00223a561a29-e634-4659-bc4d-a182e1ca1507\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Newsletter%20-%20EL%202.2.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmergency lighting is a hugely important aspect of any building, yet for the most part, it is widely overlooked. Is your building compliant with regulations regarding emergency lighting?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn\u00A0\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/solutions-lighting/news.html?type=articles\u0026amp;name=LEARN--Emergency-Lighting--Part-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPART\u00A01\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C/strong\u003Eof this series, we introduced emergency lighting by giving an overview of what it comprises.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe\u2019re wrapping up our series on Emergency Lighting by discussing the different types of technologies that exist for emergency lighting systems, the types of lights used and the importance of it in terms of building requirements and legislation.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003ETypes of Emergency Lights Used\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEmergency Lighting\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is lighting that is switched on once regular lighting ceases to function due to a power outage. It will allow people to complete their work safely and without panicking when leaving the building. Refer to figure 1.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAnti-panic Lighting\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnti-panic lighting is necessary in an emergency to find one\u2019s bearings, to identify and circumvent obstacles between the workstation and the escape route, and to safely reach the escape route with minimal panic. Refer to figure 2.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEscape Lighting\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEvacuation lighting assists a building\u2019s occupants in recognising obstacles and safely using escape routes. It includes both escape route lighting and safety signs that are illuminated pictograms. Refer to figure 3.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEscape Route Lighting\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEscape routes are required to be sufficiently illuminated so that one can safely evacuate the building. Refer to figure 4.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EIlluminated Safety Signs\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESafety signs point to the nearest escape route. High visibility and fast recognition of safety signs to escape routes are of vital importance in emergency situations. Refer to figure 5.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cfigure role=\u0022group\u0022 class=\u0022caption caption-img align-center\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/contactus.html\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Fig1\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022e34a24c1-b73a-4ff6-9c64-ac5fc9433d55\u0022 height=\u0022396\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Fig%201%20pt%202.png\u0022 width=\u0022898\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003Cfigcaption\u003ETypes of Emergency Lighting\u003C/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EImportance in Terms of Building Regulations etc.\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHS) 85 of 1993 states that:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E1. Every employer shall provide emergency lighting in any workplace where no natural light is present for safe evacuation. \u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmployees require sufficient light to safely evacuate the place of work. The minimum requirement of illuminance which 0.3 lux measured at floor level can be obtained by strategically placing emergency luminaries.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETIP: A Lux is the SI Unit for Illuminance and is equal to one lumen per square metre.\u003C/em\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E2. There must be an emergency illuminance of at least 20 lux over moving machinery, where dangerous materials are present or where processes are required to be shut down. \u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese specific areas require \u201Chigh-risk task area emergency lighting\u201D. The act also states the emergency lighting must last long enough for safe evacuation. An employer can be covered by using either the industry standard one hour duration units for most applications, or the three-hour duration systems for high rise buildings, covered parking areas and life cars.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E3. The employer must keep the emergency lighting system in good working order, and it must be tested at least every 3 months. \u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe emergency luminaires should be SABS approved so that the battery identification and replacement can proceed without the need to consult the original lighting supplier. The battery pack for these emergency luminaries must be easy to replace with the assistance of double-sided tape. The Act also disapproves using directional emergency luminaires for escape routes by imposing strict glare restrictions. Therefore, it is not suitable to position one bright, directional emergency luminaire at one end of a passage. \u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESANS 10114: Interior lighting \u2013 Part. 2: Emergency Lighting is the specification that provides guidelines for the implementation of emergency lighting systems. \u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe specification suggests that emergency lighting be situated along the escape route and luminaires are required to be positioned above safety signs, near each first aid post as well as near each piece of firefighting equipment. Fluorescent lamps are usually used for escape routes due to their high lumen efficacy and their good colour rendering at low powers.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe specification also indicates that emergency lighting should be activated in the case of localized failure where such a failure would present a hazard. It also suggests the maximum uniformity ratio of 40:1 for escape route lighting. This is the ratio maximum to minimum illuminance at floor level indicating that it is advisable to have more low output luminaires than few high light output units along the route.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA maximum response time of 15 seconds and a minimum duration of one hour for the battery life is suggested. It is required that the minimum duration should be achieved throughout the battery service life therefore the initial commissioning duration should exceed the stated duration by at least 30%.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor high-risk task area lighting the minimum illumination level of 20 lux is suggested. Three hours of emergency lighting is suggested for lift cars, for any building higher than 10 stores and for shopping malls.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe specification also indicates that the drawings of the installations must be retained on the premises as well as a logbook containing date of commissioning, date of each inspection and test, defects and remedial action, alterations, and tests of duration.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIn closing\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA responsible building owner must ensure occupants are afforded adequate safety measures in the event of an emergency. Thus, implementing a comprehensive emergency lighting system that is compliant to all required standards is not something to be ignored. Don\u2019t wait until it\u2019s too late, call us for support in ensuring your emergency lighting system is up to scratch!\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EResources:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E1. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=READ--A-significant-aspect-in-health-amp-safety-sadly-neglected\u0022\u003EREAD\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E about the importance of escape route lighting and markings\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/contactus.html\u0022\u003ECHAT\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E to us for an emergency lighting solution for your facility\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E3. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news-letter.html\u0022\u003ESUBSCRIBE\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E to receive these mails straight to your inbox\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESources:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.firesafe.org.uk/emergency-lighting/\u0022\u003Ehttps://www.firesafe.org.uk/emergency-lighting/\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.cheshirefire.net/news/importance-of-emergency-lighting/#:~:text=Emergency%20lighting%20is%20an%20essential,main%20power%20supply%20is%20lost\u0022\u003Ehttps://www.cheshirefire.net/news/importance-of-emergency-lighting/#:~:text=Emergency%20lighting%20is%20an%20essential,main%20power%20supply%20is%20lost\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.eaton.com/content/dam/eaton/markets/buildings/fundamentals-of-emergency-lighting-guide.pdf\u0022\u003Ehttps://www.eaton.com/content/dam/eaton/markets/buildings/fundamentals-of-emergency-lighting-guide.pdf\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://cosinedevelopments.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/summary-of-emergency-unit-legal-requirements.pdf\u0022\u003Ehttps://cosinedevelopments.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/summary-of-emergency-unit-legal-requirements.pdf\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.businesswatchgroup.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/illuminated-lights.jpg\u0022\u003Ehttps://www.businesswatchgroup.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/illuminated-lights.jpg\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.etaplighting.com/en/emergency-lighting\u0022\u003Ehttps://www.etaplighting.com/en/emergency-lighting\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Jan 2022", "terms": "Lighting, Education" }, { "title": "LEARN | Emergency Lighting- Part 1", "nid": "593", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Fig1\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00224f183681-4e0d-4ac0-b46c-e06f84ccda7f\u0022 height=\u0022448\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Newsletter%20-%20EL%201.png\u0022 width=\u0022783\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA lack of lighting in a building during an emergency could lead to sudden darkness and possible harm to the occupants, either through panic or physical danger\u2026 In the event of an emergency, does your building have the necessary light fittings and signs to allow your employees to safely evacuate?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn this NEW series, we introduce you to emergency lighting. In the first instalment, we start by giving an overview of what emergency lighting is, and touch on the reasons for having this in your workplace.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EWhat is Emergency Lighting?\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is lighting that is required for an emergency when the main power supply is disrupted, and the normal electrical illumination fails. The loss of mains electricity can be a result of a fire or a power cut.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmergency lighting is required to operate fully automatically as well as provide illumination at a sufficiently high level. This enables all occupants to evacuate the premises in a safe and according manner. Emergency lighting is a general term which is sub-divided into emergency escape lighting and standby lighting.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E1. Emergency Escape Lighting\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is the part of an emergency lighting system that provides the necessary lighting for the safety of people that are leaving a location or attempting to terminate a potentially dangerous process beforehand. Escape route lighting, open area lighting and high-risk task area lighting make up the emergency escape lighting system.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E2. Standby Lighting\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to SANS 10114, standby lighting is the non-mandatory part of an emergency lighting system that is provided to enable normal activities to continue unchanged.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EWhat is the need for Emergency Lighting?\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEmergency lighting is necessary for the following reasons:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E1. Instant Effect\u003C/strong\u003E - Emergency lighting is continuously powered by a battery-powered system hence the effects are immediate, preventing initial confusion or waiting for the lights to turn back on.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E2. Help Fire Responders\u003C/strong\u003E - Emergency lighting assists fire responders to reach their target as soon as possible, especially if they are not familiar with the layout of the building. It will also highlight the safest route to take and reach those who need assistance.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E3. \u00A0Minimise Panic\u003C/strong\u003E - A well-lit exit route will enable the building occupants to identify and follow the necessary exit lights so that they can escape the building in a timely and sensible manner. A panic that is initiated by darkness with the addition of smoke-filled corridors can cause stampedes, and confusion which can lead to an increase in injuries, or even a fatality.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cfigure role=\u0022group\u0022 class=\u0022caption caption-img\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/contactus.html\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Fig1\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022b4e045fc-4317-4401-bafd-375d08c4812b\u0022 height=\u0022365\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/a_1.png\u0022 width=\u0022885\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003Cfigcaption\u003E\u00A0 \u00A0 \u00A0 \u00A0 \u00A0 \u00A0 \u00A0 \u00A0 \u00A0 \u00A0 \u00A0 \u00A0 \u00A0 Figure 1 : How an Emergency Lighting System Operates\u003C/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EEmergency Lighting Technologies\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 2 types of technologies that exist for emergency lighting systems are the self-contained (SC) system and the central battery system (CBS).\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA self-contained emergency luminaire has its own battery to provide the required power. Under normal conditions, the battery will remain on a permanent charge by the mains lighting circuit until the power supply is lost and the battery takes over. Components of the SC luminaire such as the battery, light source, control unit and any test or monitoring equipment are located in the luminaire housing itself, or in a directly adjacent enclosure.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cfigure role=\u0022group\u0022 class=\u0022caption caption-img align-center\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news-letter.html\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Emergency 2\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022206827af-7119-4354-90ed-6a8ccb005ce9\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Fig%202.png\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003Cfigcaption\u003EFig 2: Self-Contained Luminaire System\u003C/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA central battery system supplies power to emergency luminaires that have no onboard battery. These luminaires draw power from one centralized battery in the building that is supported by a charger, change-over devices and alarms should mains lighting fail.\u00A0 In some CBS installations, several Low Power Supply systems (LPS) are distributed in the building to serve only individual floors or fire protection sections.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cfigure role=\u0022group\u0022 class=\u0022caption caption-img align-center\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Fig 3: Central Battery System Used to power Luminaires\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00223152a3cc-edba-43f7-aeb9-d43e6080aebb\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Fig%203.png\u0022 /\u003E\n\u003Cfigcaption\u003EFig 3: Central Battery System Used to power Luminaires\u003C/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the next article of the series, we touch on the different types of technologies that exist for emergency lighting systems, the types of lights used and the importance of it in terms of building requirements and legislation.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EResources:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E1. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=READ--A-significant-aspect-in-health-amp-safety-sadly-neglected\u0022\u003EREAD\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E about the importance of escape route lighting and markings\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/contactus.html\u0022\u003ECHAT\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E to us for an emergency lighting solution for your facility\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E3. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news-letter.html\u0022\u003ESUBSCRIBE\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E to receive these mails straight to your inbox\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESources:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.firesafe.org.uk/emergency-lighting/\u0022\u003Ehttps://www.firesafe.org.uk/emergency-lighting/\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Jan 2022", "terms": "Lighting, Education" }, { "title": "LEARN | Understanding Protective Relays - Part 2", "nid": "591", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news-letter.html\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022factory 7\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00225296461e-d140-4a0c-bee1-4bb92553ef8f\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/istockphoto-1296681861-612x612.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=LEARN--Understanding-Protective-Relays---Part-1\u0022\u003EPart 1\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E of this NEW series, we unpacked the definition of a protective relay, the five functional categories of relays, and then ended off by touching on the classification of relays.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe wrap up the series by discussing the types of protective relays, and then move on to transformers, protection zones and end off with the applications of a relay\u2026\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat types of protective relays are used?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDigital protective relays\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe digital protective relay or numeric relay is a protective relay that uses a microprocessor to analyze power system voltages, currents or other process quantities for detection of faults in an industrial process system.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA digital protective relay\u2019s operating principle ranges from simple to complex. Generally, the digital protective relay manages several protective functions or performance characteristics as well as having the ability of communications, monitoring, recording and programmable logic afforded by microprocessor technology.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EElectro-mechanical relays\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EElectro-mechanical protective relays are the earliest forms of protective relays and operating using electro-magnetic forces and physical range from simple to complex, but generally, they manage only one or two protective functions or performance characteristic.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EElectro-mechanical protective relays have been used since the beginning of the electrical power grid and are still in large use today.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstrument transformers\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProtective relays generally do not directly measure the input quantities (current or voltage) they are trying to protect for abnormal conditions. Rather, they require instrument transformers that isolate the relay from the dangerous high voltage and current levels of the power delivery system.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECurrent transformers (CT)\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tUsed to measure current in AC circuits. A current transformer reduces the high current level proportionally to a range of 0 to 5 amps.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPotential transformers (PT) or voltage transformers (VT)\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tUsed to measure voltage (potential difference) in AC circuits. A potential or voltage transformer reduces the high voltage level proportionally to a range of 0 to 120 volts.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EZones of protection\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProtective relays are designed to protect zones of the power system.\u00A0When applying protective relaying, the power system is divided into sections so that the protective relays provide \u201Czones of protection.\u201D\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESometimes it is common for zones of protection to overlap so that multiple layers of protection are afforded to each piece of equipment. This points to the idea of primary and secondary (backup) protection.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOverlapping and backup protection is implemented to avoid the possibility of unprotected areas, especially for critical equipment. This is accomplished by the strategic placement of the instrument transformers (current transformers or potential transformers). Otherwise, simple redundancy of the protective relay scheme provides backup protection.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe zones can be defined as:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EGenerators\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ETransformers\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EBuses and distribution feeders\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ETransmission lines\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EMotors\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news-letter.html\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Zones of protection\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00226dfc837f-05b8-413a-965c-01fe5274a34e\u0022 height=\u0022447\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Zones%20of%20Protection.jpg\u0022 width=\u0022602\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EApplications of a relay\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EWherever electricity is used, there is a high probability relays are involved. Simple relays and limit switches are found in many commercial and residential areas including heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, stoves, elevators, telephone networks, traffic controls, robotics and many other applications.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news-letter.html\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022applications of a relay\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u002269e43360-de63-40f4-916c-d9aebc6195ca\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Applications%20of%20relays.JPG\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EResources: \u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E1.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRXloNOc53s\u0022\u003EWATCH\u003C/a\u003E \u003C/strong\u003Ean educational video on Current Transformers\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/solutions-electrical/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=DISCOVER--Eaton039s-range-of-Protective-Relays\u0022\u003EDISCOVER\u003C/a\u003E \u003C/strong\u003EEaton\u2019s range of Protective Relays\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E3. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/contactus.html\u0022\u003ECHAT\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E to us for an Eaton solution for your facility\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E4. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news-letter.html\u0022\u003ESUBSCRIBE\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E to receive these informative videos straight to your inbox\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESource:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/products/electrical-circuit-protection/protective-relays-and-predictive-devices.html\u0022\u003Ehttps://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/products/electrical-circuit-protection/protective-relays-and-predictive-devices.html\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Jan 2022", "terms": "Electrical, Education, Eaton" }, { "title": "LEARN | Understanding Protective Relays - Part 1", "nid": "590", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news-letter.html\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022factory 5\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022b5320618-f230-4cb3-889d-3c16e8b1f616\u0022 height=\u0022234\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/newsletter_0.jpg\u0022 width=\u0022710\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn our NEW series, we unpack protective relays. We start the series off with an introduction to protective relays, and then touch on relay categories and classifications.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKeep an eye out for the second instalment of the series\u2026\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat is electrical circuit protection?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EElectrical circuit protection is the purposeful use of a fail-safe device that automatically causes a disruption in an electrical circuit when it recognizes an excess and unsafe load of power in a circuit. Common circuit protection devices and components include circuit breakers, fuses, surge protection and protective relays.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat is a protective relay?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) supplies the following\u003Cstrong\u003E\u00A0definition of a protective relay\u003C/strong\u003E:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA relay whose function is to detect defective lines or apparatus or other power system conditions of an abnormal or dangerous nature and to initiate appropriate control circuit action.\u00A0\u00A0\u003Cbr /\u003E\n(IEEE C37.100-1992)\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EProtective relays: An expanded definition \u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn electric device that is designed to respond to input conditions in a prescribed manner and, after specified conditions are met, to cause contact operation or similar abrupt change in associated\u00A0electric control circuits.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA relay may consist of several relay units, each responsive to a specified input, with the combination of units providing the desired overall performance characteristic of the relay.\u00A0Inputs are usually electric but may be mechanical, thermal or other quantities or a combination of quantities. Limit switches and similar devices are not [protective] relays.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n(IEEE C37.100-1992 and C37.90-2005)\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERelay Categories\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERelays can be divided into five functional categories:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EProtective relays\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tProtective relays are one of the critical components of the electrical power grid that serve to detect defective equipment or other dangerous or intolerable conditions and can either initiate or permit switching or simply provide an alarm to provide a safer, more reliable delivery system.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMonitoring relays\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tVerify conditions on the power system or in the protection system.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EProgramming relays\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tEstablish or detect electrical sequences.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERegulating relays\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tActivate when an operating parameter deviated from predetermined limits.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAuxiliary relays\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tOperating in response to the opening or closing of the operating circuit to supplement another relay or device. These include timers, sealing units, lock-out relays, closing relays, trip relays, etc.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news-letter.html\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022factory 6\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u002242b72e16-e10e-4a7a-bccb-ec422bcc47ac\u0022 height=\u0022191\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/image_0.jpg\u0022 width=\u0022286\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow are relays classified?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn addition to the functional categories, relays may be classified by input, operating principle or structure and performance characteristics:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInput characteristics:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tCurrent\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tVoltage\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tPower\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tFrequency\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tPressure\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tTemperature\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tFlow\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tVibration\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOperating principle or structure characteristics:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tPercentage\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tMulti-restraint\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tProduct\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tSolid state\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tElectro-mechanical\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tThermal\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPerformance characteristics:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tInverse and definite time overcurrent\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tDirectional overcurrent\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tDistance\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tUnder-voltage or over-voltage\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tGround or phase\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tHigh or slow speed\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tPhase comparison\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tDirectional comparison\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tSegregated phase\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EKeep an eye out for the second instalment of the series, where we discuss the types of protective relays, and then move on to transformers, protection zones and end off with the applications of a relay\u2026\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EResources: \u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E1.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/solutions-electrical/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=DISCOVER--Eaton039s-range-of-Protective-Relays\u0022\u003EDISCOVER\u003C/a\u003E \u003C/strong\u003EEaton\u2019s range of Protective Relays\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/contactus.html\u0022\u003ECHAT\u003C/a\u003E \u003C/strong\u003Eto us for an Eaton solution for your facility\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E3.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news-letter.html\u0022\u003ESUBSCRIBE\u003C/a\u003E \u003C/strong\u003Eto receive these informative videos straight to your inbox\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESource:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/products/electrical-circuit-protection/protective-relays-and-predictive-devices.html\u0022\u003Ehttps://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/products/electrical-circuit-protection/protective-relays-and-predictive-devices.html\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Jan 2022", "terms": "Electrical, Education, Eaton" }, { "title": "LEARN | Changes in Energy Technology ", "nid": "589", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/contactus.html\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Fig 1\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022866e19b0-4d76-4299-b2ef-69fc6bd674e7\u0022 height=\u0022281\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/quorum-software-aucerna-merge-make-oil-gas-acquisition-1024x440.jpeg.optimal.jpeg\u0022 width=\u0022655\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn this article, created by our friends at \u003Cstrong\u003Ea-eberle\u003C/strong\u003E, we discuss current changes in energy technology, the effects of grid repercussions, and what influence they have on measuring devices with which we detect faults in the grid.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIncreasing energy efficiency and reducing costs \u2013 not possible without changes\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIndustries are abandoning old technology for power-controlled technology (Figure 1). A good example is the change from an asynchronous motor to a frequency converter with a controlled drive. The asynchronous motor had two states: on and off. The frequency converter, on the other hand, can be set to the exact power required. This modern technology brings a mains feedback to our grid - they no longer need the voltage and current to be sinusoidal, but instead, build up the power and current as they would like it via a rectifier in the input.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cfigure role=\u0022group\u0022 class=\u0022caption caption-img align-center\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/contactus.html\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Figure 1:Changes of the electronic components\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022b07b8809-8527-4b0b-8fb8-cc1345d74e3e\u0022 height=\u0022314\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/11.png\u0022 width=\u0022748\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003Cfigcaption\u003EFigure 1: Changes of the electronic components\u003C/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow is a rectifier constructed?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA typical input circuit of a drive can be seen in Figure 2. At the top, the mains side is shown, it is fed in three-phase and it goes via a bridge rectifier to an intermediate circuit, where this wavy DC is first smoothed out a little. Then we go to an inverter, where the DC is chopped up into small blocks and from this, we can assemble any frequency with which the motor can be regulated or controlled. This is very efficient, but on the grid side we get the switching frequencies of the inverter. Figure 1 shows a few examples of consumers that are used in today\u2019s grids. From the figure, it can be deduced that feedback effects of 2 kHz to 300 kHz must be expected, which can be a disturbance for other loads.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf a consumer operates with a certain switching frequency, the source feeds this frequency into the grid. Now this frequency naturally seeks out some consumer and wants to short-circuit itself. At 10 kHz or 20 kHz, we can assume that it does not want to flow towards the transformer or medium voltage, because the transformer blocks high frequencies via its XL. However, when we feed in, we look for a source with a low impedance through which this frequency can flow away, and this is usually always a consumer in the vicinity.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news-letter.html\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Figure 2:Sctrure of the Inverter \u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022116c6e29-f8ca-4854-84c8-658458dc234b\u0022 height=\u0022215\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/12.png\u0022 width=\u002276\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0 \u00A0 \u00A0 \u00A0 Figure 2 :Structure of the Inverter\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat problems might occur in the grid if these switching frequencies occur?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany consumers nowadays no longer have a switch. In the past, for example, a lamp could be switched on and off via a switch, but nowadays it is also possible to use a touch dimmer lamp. By touching the base, the light is switched on and off.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThere is a practical example of how these lamps influence the power quality:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA hotel has equipped all rooms with touch dimmer lamps. These lamps switched themselves on and off, which is particularly unfavourable. The cause of all this: In the town where this hotel was located, an industrial company with CNC machines, which also worked during the night on weekdays, caused repercussions in the network. This ultimately caused the lamps to switch themselves on and off. In the lamp, the switching on and off mechanism is controlled by very small signals of a higher frequency. If the identical frequency is generated by another consumer or machine in the grid, a reaction or malfunction might occur.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn addition, it can be said that all feedback effects that occur in the range up to approx. 16 kHz can be perceived acoustically by humans, since consumers can convert these feedback effects into sounds.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow can disturbances be measured?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you want to record the disturbances in the network, the whole thing is subject to the condition that the measuring device must be able to scan twice as fast as the disturbance that is to be recorded. For example, a disturbance in the range up to 10 kHz can only be detected by a measuring device that measures with at least 20 kHz. A brief overview of the sampling rates at which our mobile PQ measuring devices can measure and detect repercussions are displayed in Figure 3.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cfigure role=\u0022group\u0022 class=\u0022caption caption-img align-center\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/contactus.html\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Figure 3\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022cdc3883a-e3f6-4a25-a1f7-226c6e548494\u0022 height=\u0022358\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/14.png\u0022 width=\u0022800\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003Cfigcaption\u003EFigure 3:Range\u00A0of interference detection of our PQ-Boxes and the corresponding guidelines\u003C/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn example from practice\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn one village, some customers complained to the energy supplier that some consumers were showing malfunctions or that devices were emitting whistling sounds. In this network, a measurement was carried out with a PQ-Box 100 (sampling rate 10 kHz) which is displayed in Figure 4. The measurement displays a perfect sine wave. There is no sign of interference at this point.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUsing another device with a slightly higher sampling rate of 40 kHz (see Figure 5), we can see that a high frequency is modulated onto the sine.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cfigure role=\u0022group\u0022 class=\u0022caption caption-img align-center\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news-letter.html\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Figure 4\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u002250b4c7af-a4f5-4a0d-b12e-ab192ac5d06b\u0022 height=\u0022445\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/15.png\u0022 width=\u0022761\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003Cfigcaption\u003EFigure 4 :The Measurement displays a perfect sine wave\u003C/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe aim must now be to detect this frequency and to find the cause of this frequency by answering the following questions:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EWhat frequency is it?\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EWhat is the level of this frequency?\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe detection of the frequency in question is necessary because, depending on the impedance of the end user, it can lead to heating and also to malfunctions.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EResources:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E1. \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtNyS9cclzY\u0026amp;list=PL0AHvVniUcgyZI6F0LyOS40iWJ3wJ70s2\u0026amp;index=2\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWATCH\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E an informative video on a-eberle\u2019s PQ-Box 150\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/contactus.html\u0022\u003ECHAT\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E to us for an a-eberle solution for your facility\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E3. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnet.co.za/news-letter.html\u0022\u003ESUBSCRIBE\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E to receive these informative articles straight to your inbox\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESource: \u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003Ehttps://www.a-eberle.de/applikationsberichte/changes-in-energy-technology-part-1/?lang=en\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\u00A0\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Jan 2022", "terms": "A-eberle, Electrical, Education" } ]