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[ { "title": "READ | The Fifth Generation Mobile Network is here!", "nid": "480", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u00225G\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00226d02abd8-e49e-4fc7-9d72-bd8087ac9cc9\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/5G%20-%20edited.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIs your facility connected to a mobile network that is slow in speed? Is your equipment taking too long to upload pertinent system information? Are you often having to deal with frustrated employees or customers as a result?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn this quick informative article, we introduce you to the 5G mobile network \u2013 the answer to slow and delayed communication. Learn about how 5G compares against the previous generation and how it could potentially affect your business.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat is 5G?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E5G is the new global wireless standard, known as the 5\u003Csup\u003Eth\u003C/sup\u003E generation mobile network. The network is designed with the intention of \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-electrical/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=READ--Are-you-ready-for-Industry-40\u0022\u003Econnecting everyone virtually\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E, with the inclusion of machines, objects, and devices.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIt is a wireless technology that delivers higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra-low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform experience for its users.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat are the Technologies that make up 5G?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe 5G network is based on Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM). This is a method that modulates a digital signal across multiple channels so that interference is reduced. The network also implements 5G New Radio (NR) air interface that works together with OFDM for a significantly faster and more responsive mobile network experience.\u00A0 The use of 5G NR will enable more people and devices to access the network so that a variety of functions can be performed.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EMacro cell towers were used to transmit over long distances for the four previous generations of mobile networks, however, 5G will make use of wider bandwidths. This is done by expanding the usage of spectrum resources, from a minimum of 3 GHz that is used for 4G to approximately 100 GHz and more. It will also operate in the lower bandwidth range, resulting in a wider capacity, multi-Gbps throughput and a lower latency.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe below diagram depicts the Range of Frequencies each of the Mobile Network Generations Operate in.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-electrical/index.php\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Range of Frequencies\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022bc840879-afbf-4160-bdd1-c766d3efece8\u0022 height=\u0022249\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/5G%20Diagram.jpg\u0022 width=\u0022417\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow is 5G better that 4G?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E1. Speed\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n5G is significantly faster than 4G.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E2. Greater capacity\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe mobile network is implemented to support a 100 times increase in traffic capacity and network efficiency.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E3. Lower latency\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe network decreases the latency by up to 10 times, so that it can deliver instantaneous, real time access.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E4. Greater capability\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E4G LTE was designed to provide faster mobile broadband services when being compared to 3G, but 5G focuses on delivering a unified, more capable platform which elevates mobile broadband experiences and supports new services such as mission-critical communications.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E5. Better use of Spectrum\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E5G is designed to use most of every bit of spectrum from low bands below 1 GHz, to mid bands that are between 1 GHz and 6 GHz, as well as operate on higher bands that are known as millimetre wave (mmWave).\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow could 5G potentially impact your Business?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EManufacturing\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe use of 5G technology in a manufacturing plant could allow for the production operations to be more flexible and efficient, whilst enhancing safety. It will also enable manufacturers to enhance their \u2018smart factories\u2019 which leverage automation, artificial intelligence or augmented reality. Robots could also be controlled, monitored, or reconfigured remotely over the mobile network.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-electrical/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=READ--Are-you-ready-for-Industry-40\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERead more about Industry 4.0 here.\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEnergy \u0026amp; Utilities\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe use of the 5G mobile network could lead to innovative solutions in energy production, transmission, distribution, and usage. 5G could also unleash the next wave of smart grid features and efficiency. As the number of smart grids increase, energy management will become more efficient whilst a reduction in electricity peaks and energy costs will occur. 5G increases the lifespan of battery-dependent devices and supports drones that are used to monitor transmission of production assets.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERetail\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EOnline shopping has become popular amongst consumers globally and the migration to mobile shopping has occurred because of 4G. The online shopping experience could be vastly improved if mobile connections were 10 times faster. \u00A05G could allow for Virtual Reality (VR) dressing rooms as well as Augmented Reality (AR) experiences in store and at home. This will allow customers to try on as many outfits as they would like from the comfort of their home.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-electrical/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=READ--The-IoT-Story\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERead more about the Internet of Things here.\u00A0\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhen will 5G be implemented?\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ECarriers started rolling out the 5G network in 2020, but with limited availability as it is still in the earliest phase of deployment. The network will be more available for users by the end of 2021.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe implementation of 5G in your business could improve productivity of your employees, increase sales and ensure customer satisfaction is achieved continuously. If it is already available in your area, make the switch to this high speed, low latency network!\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EGet your facility optimized for 5G - \u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Electrical Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u00A0to us about our range of solutions for Smart facilities.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Mar 2021", "terms": "Electrical, Education" }, { "title": "PRODUCT NEWS | Schneider\u0026#039;s NEW ComPacT NSX MCB", "nid": "503", "body": "\u003Cp\u003ENew to our extensive range of \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-electrical/videos.html#Schneider\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESchneider Electric\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E products and solutions is the New Generation ComPacT NSX Moulded Circuit Breaker.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Schneider Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Schneider Compact NSXm\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u002245255504-273a-4540-ae36-33b7066a7305\u0022 height=\u0022279\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Schneider%20Compact%20NSX.png\u0022 width=\u0022470\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe ComPacT range now comes connectivity-ready, and modular \u201Cplug-and-play\u201D accessories expand the capacity for advanced monitoring capabilities. By keeping the new units the same shape and size as their predecessors, electrical professionals can easily retrofit breakers already in use. This also opens the opportunity to expanding the capabilities of ComPacT circuit breakers trans-generationally to unleash digital intelligence.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe simplified wireless connectivity feature revolutionizes and enhances installing, maintaining, or upgrading the all-new ComPacT range. New wireless auxiliaries give users improved insight into their electric distribution system, to maximize power availability. By putting data in the hands of users anywhere, anytime, for increased monitoring and decision making, this advancement redefines how we work in the IoT age.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe are the largest distributors of Schneider Electric products in South Africa and boast\u00A0in-depth Schneider product knowledge and technical expertise.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENeed a Schneider Electric solution for your facility? \u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Schneider Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E to us now!\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "May 2021", "terms": "Electrical, Products, Schneider" }, { "title": "NEW SERIES | Understanding Variable Speed Drives - pt 3", "nid": "478", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-electrical/index.php\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Food beverage\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00222f120237-d0ed-4ba4-bbe2-ea98a3934799\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/food-beverage.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EWe\u2019re wrapping up our series on Variable Speed Drives! Missed out on the first two articles?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=NEW-SERIES--Understanding-Variable-Speed-Drives---pt-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPart 1\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E, we introduced you to the basic principle of operation of a VSD, and touched on their key benefits\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=NEW-SERIES--Understanding-Variable-Speed-Drives---pt-2\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPart 2\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E, we gave an overview of the types of VSD\u2019s, and delve into how a VSD works\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn this article, we discuss sizing a VSD, energy savings of a VSD and then we end of by touching on direct online and star-delta starters. \u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003ESizing A VSD\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe sizing of a VSD should be done based on the motor current and voltage. This can be obtained from the nameplate of the motor.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003E1. Full Load Amps\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EOne should look at the full load amps when sizing a VSD. The full load amps are the magnitude of current that the motor will draw when operating at full load and rated speed. When sizing the VSD, it is critical to look at the full load amps plus any additional overload that the application may require.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003E2. Service Factor Amps\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn pumping applications, the pump manufacturer may size the motor to operate in its service factor. This ensures that the pump maintains its flow or head conditions when required. It is important to verify the continuous amps when it is in this overload operation and size the VSD accordingly.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EEnergy Savings of a VSD\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe energy savings that can be made by implementing VSD\u2019s differ according to the load types of the motors. Below are common types used, and the energy savings that can be obtained with the use of VSD\u2019s.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Electrical Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022energy savings\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00220df92457-1602-4c54-8cff-9e4003f858a4\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/energy%20savings.png\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E1.\u003C/strong\u003E\u00A0\u003Cstrong\u003EVariable Torque\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe Variable torque characteristic is usually associated with centrifugal pumps and fans and it is a load type which represents the biggest potential for energy savings. This is true as the power required varies with the speed cubed. This means that a reduction in speed of 80% will result in a 51 % (0.8*0.8*0.8 =0.512) reduction in the power consumed. This represents a significant savings in energy and due to pumps and fans being a third of industrial motors, the use of VSD\u2019s will create a large increase in energy efficiency.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E2. Constant Torque\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThis is a characteristic that is associated with conveyors and air compressors. The power required is directly proportional to speed. This indicates that a reduction in speed by 50% will result in an energy savings of 50%.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E3. Constant Power\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe Constant Power characteristic is associated with machine tools and centre winders. These are loads that operate at a constant power. A reduction in speed will rarely produce any energy savings, hence VSD\u2019s will not find much application in this case.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EEquipment such as Direct Online Starters (DOL), star delta starter, auto transformers as well as soft starters are also used to control rotating machinery. The disadvantage of the equipment listed is that they use a high starting current. This will result in a premature wear and tear on the couplings, squealing belts, and gearboxes, and could even cause damage to both material and product.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EWhen a VSD is used, it will start at a zero current and slowly increase to the load required, depending on the application. This is implemented with a \u2018controlled\u2019 and adjustable ramp up and ramp down. \u00A0As a result of this, there can be a reduction in energy costs, maintenance and down time.\u00A0 A plant will also experience a reduction in their carbon footprint because of the energy savings achieved.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA VSD is often found together with motor-powering equipment. The inverter is used to control the speed of the motor, which is relative to the demand of the application, seamlessly ramping the motor up and down.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAn analogy that is often associated with a VSD is that of a car. The VSD performs the function of controlling the motor just like the gears of a car. Operating a motor without the use of a controlled starting would be equivalent to starting the car in a top gear. Also, the lack of control is equivalent to speeding up to a red light and braking sharply within the final few metres, instead of gently slowing down the car before you approach the red light. This will result in the car burning more fuel and allowing it to experience severe stress, causing the ride to be bumpy and uneven.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EDirect Online Starters\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EDirect Online (DOL) starting is used to simply switch the motor on in operation with a direct connection from the power source. It is associated with smaller loads as the starting current can be up to ten times the full load current. A contactor is used to switch power and either a thermal or electronic overload relay is implemented to provide motor protection. It is the simplest and cheapest method of starting a motor, but power supply limitations for the starting current has to be considered.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EDOL starters are used in motors where a high rush current does not result in excessive voltage drops in the supply circuit.\u00A0 It is commonly used in small water pumps, conveyor belts, fans, and compressors.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EStar-Delta Starters\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ECertain motors can also be started using the star-delta method. The motor is first connected in a \u2018star\u2019 configuration which enables the motor to gather speed without drawing excessive current. When the motor is up to speed it is then connected in a normal \u2018delta\u2019 configuration. The method can reduce the starting current demand by up to 30%.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA star-delta starter is used in applications where the required starting current is low and where the line current drawn must be a minimum value. It is not suitable for applications where high start torque delivery is required. If a motor is heavily loaded, there will not be enough torque to accelerate the motor up to speed before switching over to a delta position. A centrifugal compressor is an example of an application that uses a star-delta starter.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDo you need advice on the best VSD for your specific application?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Electrical Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u00A0to our team of electrical experts now!\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Mar 2021", "terms": "Electrical, Education" }, { "title": "NEW SERIES | Understanding Variable Speed Drives - pt 2", "nid": "475", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Electrical Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Factory \u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022753c38de-7d66-4e18-a275-146c10888dfb\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/emailer_0.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIs there a device that can reduce downtime whilst increasing the lifespan of your \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-electrical/index.php\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eelectrical\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E motor?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn our NEW series, we\u2019re unpacking Variable Speed Drives.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=NEW-SERIES--Understanding-Variable-Speed-Drives---pt-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPart 1\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E, we introduced you to the basic principle of operation of a VSD, and touched on their key benefits\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Part 2, we give an overview of the types of VSD\u2019s, and delve into how a VSD works\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWatch this space to catch the full series!\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003ETypes of VSD\u2019s\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe three common types of VSD\u2019s are:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECurrent Source Inversion (CSI)\u003C/strong\u003E \u2013 used in signal processing and industrial power applications. It produces a clean current waveform but requires expensive inductors and causes cogging below 6 Hz.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EVoltage Source Inverters (VSI)\u003C/strong\u003E \u2013 has a poor power factor, causes cogging below 6 Hz and are non-regenerative.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPulse-Width Modulation (PWM)\u003C/strong\u003E \u2013 used most commonly in industry because of high input power factor, no motor cogging, higher efficiency and lower cost.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EPulse-Width Modulation VSD\u2019s\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA PWM VSD works by using a series of voltage pulses of different lengths to simulate a sinusoidal wave. These pulses are timed in such a way so that the time average integral of the drive outputs a sinusoidal wave. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors are the electronic components used to generate these voltage pulses.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe below\u00A0diagram depicts a Sinusoidal Wave created by a comparator.\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Electrical Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Sinusoidal wave\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022e00f0e84-559c-4082-9f83-b4c102be9806\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/1.%20PWM%20sinusodial%20wave.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022MsoNormal\u0022 style=\u0022text-align:justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan lang=\u0022EN-US\u0022 style=\u0022font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:\u0026#10;minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;\u0026#10;mso-ansi-language:EN-US\u0022 xml:lang=\u0022EN-US\u0022 xml:lang=\u0022EN-US\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan style=\u0022mso-tab-count:1\u0022\u003E\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EHow Does a VSD Work?\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe first stage of operation for the VSD is the converter. This converter consists of 6 diodes that allow current to flow in only one direction (indicated by the arrow in the diode symbol).\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022MsoNormal text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan lang=\u0022EN-US\u0022 style=\u0022font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:\u0026#10;minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;\u0026#10;mso-ansi-language:EN-US\u0022 xml:lang=\u0022EN-US\u0022 xml:lang=\u0022EN-US\u0022\u003E\n\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u00A0The below diagram depicts a VSD Converter and Output Waveform.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Electrical Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022VSD Converter and Output Waveform\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u002242ddb456-cb4b-4741-a7a9-4344d3bc2207\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/2.%20VSD%20Converter%20and%20Output%20Waveform.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe electricity will alternate in the supplied phases but the diodes will only allow the peak phase to pass.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese diodes operate in the following manner:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EWhen A-Phase voltage is more positive than B or C phase voltages, then the diode will open and allow current to flow.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EWhen B-phase voltage becomes more positive than A-phase voltage, then the B-Phase diode will open, and the A-Phase diode will close.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThis process also applies for the negative side of the waveform resulting in six current pulses as each diode blocks and allows the phases to pass.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAssuming that the drive is in operation using a 480V\u003Csub\u003Erms\u003C/sub\u003E supply. Then the V\u003Csub\u003EPeak\u003C/sub\u003E of the supply is 679V. As seen in the picture above, the VSD DC bus has a DC voltage with an AC ripple. The below diagram depicts a DC Bus and Voltage Waveform at the DC Bus.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-electrical/index.php\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022DC Bus\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022073bac69-feea-446d-8fa4-de2838ccca48\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/3.%20DC%20Bus%20and%20Voltage%20Waveform%20at%20the%20DC%20Bus.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe AC ripple on the DC bus is removed by adding a capacitor resulting in the voltage on the DC bus being approximately 650V. The actual voltage is dependent on the AC supply line, the level of voltage unbalance on the power system, the motor load, the impedance of the power system and any reactors or harmonic filters on the drive.\u00A0 The AC to DC conversion is done by the \u201Cconverter\u201D whilst the DC to AC conversion is done by the inverter. The below diagram depicts a Converter, DC Bus, Inverter and Output Waveform Supplied to Motor.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-electrical/index.php\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Converter\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022f93e3f5b-58c3-4641-be6f-ff5157e84a93\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/4.%20Converter%2C%20DC%20Bus%2C%20Inverter%20and%20Output%20Waveform%20Supplied%20to%20Motor.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe inverter converts the rectified and conditioned DC back into an AC supply of variable frequency and voltage. This is normally achieved by generating a high frequency pulse width modulated signal of variable frequency and effective voltage. Semiconductor switches are used to create the output, the most common being the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT). We can control the frequency by controlling the timing of the switches (IGBT). As seen in the picture below, a VSD does not produce a sinusoidal output but a rectangular waveform which is adequate for a motor. The below diagram depicts the Output Waveform from a VSD at Various Frequencies.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Output waveform\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022714a1342-11cb-4fb4-9c27-5b3e42f6c2d8\u0022 height=\u0022295\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Updated%20graph.png\u0022 width=\u0022360\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EProtection of VSD\u2019s\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EShort circuit protection of variable speed drives is obtained by using fast acting fuses in front of the drive to minimize the let through energy in the event of a fault.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EDo you need advice on the best VSD for your specific application?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Electrical Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u00A0to our team of electrical experts now!\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Mar 2021", "terms": "Electrical, Education" }, { "title": "NEW SERIES | Understanding Variable Speed Drives - pt 1", "nid": "474", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Electrical Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022factory\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00220af1e1b9-6d71-4384-bef0-8a1ffde9a594\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Emailer.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EDo you see your plant constantly on a breakdown as a result of a motor failure? Are you forced to spend a vast amount of time replacing electrical motors that are essential to the productivity of your plant?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIs there a device that can reduce downtime whilst increasing the lifespan of your electrical motor?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn this NEW series, we discuss Variable Speed Drives as an essential component to increase the lifespan of your electrical motors and reduce maintenance-associated downtime.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn part 1, we give you an overview of VSD\u2019s \u2013 what they are, their benefits and the protection they offer to a motor.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EWatch this space to catch the full series!\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EWhat are Variable Speed Drives?\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA Variable Speed Drive (VSD) or Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is a controller that is used to drive an electric motor. It does this by converting the frequency of the supply electricity into a variable frequency output. The variation in frequency enables the drive to control the operation of the motor. A low frequency will cause the motor to operate at a low speed, whilst a higher frequency enables it to operate at a faster speed.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe diagram below depicts the basic principle of operation of a VSD.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Electrical Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Basic principle of operation of a vsd\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022fe530db7-2ed8-41ee-88ac-30d6d7accdfe\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Basic%20principle%20of%20operation%20of%20a%20VSD.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EHow is the Frequency and Speed related in an Asynchronous Motor?\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe synchronous speed of an electrical induction motor is determined by:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe frequency of the supply\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe number of poles in the motor\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIt can be calculated using the following equation:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Calculation 5\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022e3f8c9fb-805e-4782-8a24-d3aa7849687a\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Calculation.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhere:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003En = shaft rotation speed (rpm)\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003Ef = frequency of electrical power supply\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003Ep = number of poles\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EWhat are the Key Benefits of Using a VSD?\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEnergy costs can be reduced\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tIf an application requires a motor to not run at full speed, then a VSD can be used to match the speed of the motor driven equipment to the load requirement.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00222\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIncrease Production Using Stricter Process Control Measures \u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tOperating a motor at the most efficient speed for the application will cause fewer mistakes to occur resulting in production and profit levels increasing.\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\t\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022 value=\u00223\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EExtension of Equipment Life and Reduction in Maintenance\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\tEquipment will last longer and will have less downtime due to maintenance when the motor is controlled using a VSD. \u00A0Due to the VSD controlling the frequency and voltage.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EOptimizing motor control systems using VSD\u2019s can reduce energy consumption in your plant by as much as 70%.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EWhat Protection does a VSD Provide to a Motor?\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA VSD provides the following complex protection mechanisms to a motor:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EStall prevention\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ECurrent limitation \u0026amp; overcurrent protection\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EShort Circuit Protection\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EUnder-voltage and Overvoltage Protection\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EGround Fault Protection\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EPower supply phase failure protection\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EMotor thermal protection through sensing of the motor winding temperature.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn part two of the series, we answer the question \u201CHow does a VSD work?\u201D We also mention the various types of VSD\u2019s and the protection of VSD\u2019s. The series ends with sizing VSD\u2019s and a comparison of VSD\u2019s with soft starters. Stay tuned to catch the full series!\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ENeed advice on the best VSD for your specific application? \u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Electrical Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E to our experts now!\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Mar 2021", "terms": "Electrical, Education" } ]