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[ { "title": "NEW SERIES - The Fundamentals of Circuit Breakers (part 2)", "nid": "463", "body": "\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn this NEW series, we will be taking you through the ins and outs of circuit breaker technology.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=NEW-SERIES--The-Fundamentals-of-Circuit-Breakers---part-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPart one\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E of the series shares a basic understanding of what circuit breakers are, how they work and how they compare to fuses.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn Part two below, we get into the detail of circuit breaker components.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EWatch this space to catch the full series!\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EWhat does a circuit breaker comprise of? \u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAlthough low and medium voltage circuit breakers have unique designs that are specific to amperage, voltage and application, there are five main components that are universal across the different types of circuit breakers.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003E1. Frames\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe circuit breaker frame provides the rigidity and strength required to successfully deal with the interruption process and achieve the desired interrupting ratings. It insulates and isolates the electrical current in order to protect people and equipment during use or operation.\u00A0 Frames can be made from metal or molded insulating materials.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMetal Frame\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA metal frame is assembled from precise metal pieces that are bolted and welded together to form the frame.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMolded Case\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EMolded case frames are made from strong insulating materials such as glass-polyester or thermoset composite resins (plastic frames).\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003E2. Operating Mechanism\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThere are two types of operating mechanisms, over toggle and two step stored energy.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EOver Toggle\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe function of the operating mechanism is to provide a means of opening and closing the circuit breaker. This toggle mechanism is the quick-make, quick-break type, meaning that the speed with which the contacts snap open or close is independent of how fast the handle is moved.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn addition to indicating whether the breaker is ON or OFF, the operating mechanism handle indicates when the breaker is tripped by mobbing to a position midway between the ON and OFF.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003ETwo Step Stored Energy\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe two-step stored energy mechanism is used when a large amount of energy is required to close the circuit breaker and when it needs to close rapidly. The major advantages of this mechanism are rapid reclosing and safety. Rapid reclosing is achieved by storing charged energy in a separate closing spring. Safety is achieved by providing remote charging of the spring.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe two-step stored energy process is designed to charge the closing spring and release energy to close the circuit breaker. It uses separate opening and closing springs. This is important because it permits the closing spring to be charged independently of the opening process. This allows for an open-close-open duty cycle.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003E3. Contacts\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EContacts are found in the arc interruption chamber (in low voltage circuit breakers) and in the vacuum interrupter (in medium voltage vacuum circuit breakers). The contact assembly consists of the movable contact, the movable contact arm, the stationary contact and the stationary conductor. As the circuit breaker opens or closes, the fixed contact moves to close (make) or open (break) the circuit.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe contacts are designed to protect against two fault conditions:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E1. Overcurrent (thermal overload)\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E2. Short Circuit (magnetic)\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003E4. Arc Extingusher\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAn arc is a discharge of electric current crossing a gap between two contacts. Arcs are formed when the contacts of a circuit breaker open due to larger than normal current. Arcing is a condition that must be dealt with quickly and effectively by a circuit breaker. The ability of the circuit breaker to control the arc is key to its short circuit interrupting capability. An arc extinguisher is the component of the circuit breaker that extinguishes an arc when the contacts are opened. Circuit breakers must be designed to control them because arcs cannot be prevented.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003E5. Trip Unit\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe function of a trip unit is to trip or open the operating mechanism in the event of a prolonged overload or short circuit fault condition such as thermal overload, short circuit currents and specialty faults. To accomplish this, an electromechanical or a solid state trip unit is provided.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EElectromechanical trip units utilize bimetals and electromagnets to provide overload and short circuit protection and do not include any specialty protection such as ground fault. They are commonly used in low voltage circuit breakers.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EElectronic trip units offer capabilities such as programming monitoring diagnostics communications system coordination and testing that are not available on thermal magnetic trip units.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Summary of components\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u002223ac7c32-e650-4c92-b2f7-e87305320fca\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/CB%20Components.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cu\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESource:\u00A0\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/u\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\nClick \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/products/electrical-circuit-protection/circuit-breakers/circuit-breakers-fundamentals.html\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHERE\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E to learn more about circuit breakers.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENeed a solution for your facility? \u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Eaton Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECHAT\u003C/strong\u003E\u00A0\u003C/a\u003Eto us now!\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Feb 2021", "terms": "Electrical, Education" }, { "title": "NEW SERIES | The Fundamentals of Circuit Breakers - part 1", "nid": "460", "body": "\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EHigh magnitude abnormal currents could be a result of various faults that may occur at your facility. These lead to the unnecessary replacement of equipment and electrical wiring - a costly affair, especially if it causes production downtime\u2026. Is there protection that will prevent this from happening in your facility?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn this NEW series, we will be taking you through the ins and outs of circuit breaker technology. In part one of the series, we give you an understanding of what circuit breakers are, how they work and how they compare to fuses.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EWhat is a Circuit Breaker?\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EA circuit breaker is an electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overcurrent/overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after protective relays detect a fault.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EHow does a Circuit Breaker Work?\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAll circuit breakers consist of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts are in contact with each other in normal current carrying conditions. The contacts are engaged with each other by the pressure of a spring when the circuit breaker is closed.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe live wire is wound around the magnet to create a solenoid (electromagnet). The number of turns around the magnet is calculated based on the specified fault current rating. Load current passes through the electromagnet coils so the electromagnet responds to short-circuit currents. A high-level of current thus makes the electromagnet generate enough field strength to attract a nearby iron (contact). As the contact moves toward the electromagnet, the contact rotates the trip bar to trip the breaker, open the current path, and de-energize the electromagnet coils.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn normal operating conditions, the circuit breaker arms can either be opened or closed for switching and the maintenance of the electrical system. A circuit breaker can be opened by applying pressure to a trigger.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIf a fault has to occur, the solenoid\u00A0is energized resulting in the contacts being separated, thus opening the circuit.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cfigure role=\u0022group\u0022 class=\u0022caption caption-img align-center\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Inside a circuit breaker\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022f6b7d6ce-c25b-49ca-b9ff-e4edc2e758cb\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/circuitbreaker_02.gif\u0022 /\u003E\n\u003Cfigcaption\u003EDiagram of a typical Low Voltage Magnetic Circuit Breaker\u003C/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EWhat are the main differences between circuit breakers and fuses? \u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECommon overcurrent protection devices (OCPDs) include circuit breakers and fuses. While the purpose of the fuses and circuit breakers is the same, there are fundamental differences, which are important to understand when making selections for protection of equipment and personnel.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022CBs vs Fuses\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022c74522de-ccab-40f4-9a77-ac569a1d1ff0\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/CBs%20vs%20Fuses.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EWhy should you choose circuit breakers over fuses?\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EMotor protection is essential to maintaining productivity in processing and manufacturing operations. Typically, the lower cost of fuses often resulted in them being chosen over circuit breakers for this application. However, with the evolution of breakers over the years, we are seeing breakers being used more widely than fuses. Comparing modern circuit breakers to fuses reveals how circuit breakers can help machine manufacturers and facility management teams achieve greater safety and reliability, lower costs, and support for energy management initiatives. Here are 5 reasons why circuit breakers should be chosen over fuses:\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E1. Enhanced safety and reduced downtime\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EOne of the reported causes of fires in industrial environments is a fuse that has been replaced with the wrong model or rating, or even with wires or paper clips. These kinds of mistakes are avoided with circuit breakers, as they usually do not require replacement after a trip. Additionally, replacing fuses takes more time than simply reclosing a breaker. This means circuit breakers help minimize downtime and production losses.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E2. Consistent performance\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EOne downside of fuses is that their performance can degrade due to aging, even causing them to open during normal conditions. In addition, there is no way to test a fuse, so you will never know the exact current value that will cause it to open. In contrast, circuit breakers are tested during manufacture and can also be retested during their operating life to ensure performance is maintained.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E3. Optimal functionality\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EUnlike fuses, circuit breakers can be enhanced with additional functions, such as ground fault protection. They also allow for system coordination between breakers (e.g. selectivity, cascading). The newest, most advanced circuit breakers offer a large breadth of capabilities in a compact size with flexible designs that enable field-upgrading. Add-ons can include remote control and status indication, alarm and auxiliary contacts, power and energy measurements, and network communications.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E4. Extended protection\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe breaking capacity of a circuit breaker can be greater than equivalent fuses (up to 150 kA). And under overload conditions, a circuit breaker can trip up to 1000 times faster than a fuse. Some circuit breakers also provide exceptional fault current limitation, a capability previously associated only with fuses. This not only supports reliable protection, it also reduces asset aging and extends service life. Another aspect of protection to keep in mind is that it\u2019s common for only one of three fuses to open, causing a motor to continue running on two phases, as well as potentially experiencing an overload. This will never happen with a circuit breaker, which will always break all three phases simultaneously.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E5. Cost savings\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EWhile the cost of a single fuse may be less than that of a breaker, the cost of a complete fuse installation is more significant. This is because three fuses are required for a three-phase circuit, each requiring a fuse base. Fuses do not have built-in switching capability so the addition of an upstream switch is required. Furthermore, fuses require larger enclosures, due to their heat dissipation. Lastly, when one fuse opens, all three should be replaced. Thus, in total, the complete cost of using fuses can be greater than a circuit breaker.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Reasons to choose a CB over a fuse\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u002299c658af-582e-464e-95d9-7f48b4c56cec\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/CBs%20vs%20Fuses%20-%20reasons%20to%20choose%20CBs.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EWatch this space\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn the second instalment of the series, we go into detail about the various components of a circuit breaker. Watch this space to learn more!\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAre you experiencing regular downtime, or perhaps you\u2019re looking at measures to ensure cost savings in your production? Chat to one of our electrical experts, we\u2019ll recommend solutions to ensure your facility runs smoothly!\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Jan 2021", "terms": "Electrical, Education" }, { "title": "READ | Tips for choosing a Solar Installer", "nid": "462", "body": "\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Solar installer\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00224fc724c5-11b8-409d-828c-2f17cbae55e0\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Solar%20installer%20emailer%202.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ERoof leaks, potential fire hazards, void warranties, and lack of after-sales service\u2026 These are common problems which you could encounter if you haven\u2019t chosen your solar installer wisely.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe good news is that there certainly isn\u2019t a lack of experienced solar installers with a well-trained crew. You just need to know what to look for!\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn this quick article, we\u2019re sharing a few tips which you should bear in mind before enlisting a solar service provider.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003ETip 1: Expertise is key\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EChoose an installer with proven expertise in installing solar energy systems. There are a few bodies that offer compliance certification such as The South African PV GreenCard. This is a safety certification, a quality assurance standard, and training programme for solar PV installers. Quality and safety are assured via the specialized education and training provided to solar PV installers prior to them being certified and registered on the PV GreenCard database. This certification means that these installers are proficient and compliant with all of the relevant national and municipal electrical regulations. This is particularly important for insurance, finance, and regulatory purposes.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003ETip 2: The more experience, the better \u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EFind an installer with a successful track record. Solar is a growing industry that attracts professionals from many backgrounds. Contractors that once focused on other types of projects are extending their practice into solar installation. When inquiring about an installer, ensure that they have an established solar track record. A solar provider should be able to discuss and show you systems installed for previous clients.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003ETip 3: Reputation\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIf you have friends or acquaintances with a solar system, find out if they were happy with their installer. Online consumer reviewing platforms are another way to find out more about a company. It\u2019s also advisable to find out if the solar installer outsources its labour. If so, the quality of the installation might be less predictable\u2026\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003ETip 4: Insurance and licences\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EDoes the installer have a business license and insurance policies? Typical business licenses for residential solar installers include general contracting, electrician, home improvement, or home performance contracting licenses. At a minimum, installers should also have general liability insurance. Ask them to furnish proof of these.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003ETip 5: Turnaround Time\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EBecause solar energy has exploded in popularity in recent years, many solar installers have jam-packed installation schedules for months. If you want a solar system installed soon, it is wise to ask what their schedule looks like before signing a contract.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003ETip 6: Warranties\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EMake sure you are clear about warranties before signing a contract with a solar panel installer. Various solar equipment comes with different manufacturer warranties, and installers often guarantee their work as well. Because solar is a pretty hefty investment, it is wise to protect yourself with a warranty. Workmanship warranties can vary widely between installers but often last between one to 10 years. The solar equipment has additional warranties that are provided by the manufacturer \u2013 look into these too.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003EIn closing\u2026\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EGoing solar is a significant investment. Partner with an installer that can provide you with a strong, trusting relationship. The best installers will work with you to understand how solar fits within the energy system of your home or business. Moreover, superior installers are guides and advisors. Your solar installer should be someone that that you want to do business with, as well as a professional with the competence that you expect.\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Jan 2021", "terms": "Solar, Education" }, { "title": "READ | Common solar myths BUSTED!", "nid": "459", "body": "\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ESolar technology has evolved dramatically over the past twenty years \u2013 the cost of PV systems has decreased, efficiency has increased, and reliability has undoubtedly improved. However, despite the abundance of information on the subject, what you think you know about solar may not necessarily be the truth.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn this \u003Cstrong\u003ENEW\u003C/strong\u003E article, we\u2019re busting 8 of the most common solar myths\u2026\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Solar panels\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022d9fc54b4-53c5-442e-9eb0-2b7881adf61c\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Article-media-mitigazione-suolo.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMyth 1 \u2013 My solar system will provide power during load shedding\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=Grid-Tied-Off-Grid-and-Hybrid-Solar-Systems---what039s-the-difference-\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGrid-tied solar systems\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E shut down if there is no supply from the utility. If you\u2019re looking for supply during power outages, then you should consider \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=NEW-SERIES--Batteries---Understanding-Batteries\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Ebattery storage\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E and other back-up power options.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMyth 2 \u2013 Solar panels are made of toxic materials\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EApproximately 96% of all \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-solar/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=LEARN--Understanding-Solar-Panels\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esolar panels\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E installed globally are made up of silicon crystalline PV cells encased in a polymer material and protected by a glass front and aluminium frame. There are no toxic materials except for a trace amount of lead used in the solder. However, even the use of solder is being phased out with the new busbar compression joining techniques and conductive paste materials being used of late.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMyth 3 \u2013 I have enough space to cover my roof with PV panels to maximise power\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EAssuming your roof is strong enough, technically you can. However, your system should always be sized according to your power needs, not you roof availability. There are other factors to bear in mind when considering a \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.magnetgroup.co.za/solutions-solar/news.php?type=articles\u0026amp;name=READ--Is-your-roof-suitable-for-solar-panels-\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eroof mounted solar system\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E, such as the orientation of your roof. In the southern hemisphere, ideal roofs for solar installations face north, north-east, east, west or north-west.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMyth 4 \u2013 The output my solar system generates for my Durban office will be the same as for my Johannesburg and Cape Town offices. \u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIrradiation varies between geographic locations and roof orientation, each site needs to be simulated on recognized software to accurately predict power production.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cfigure role=\u0022group\u0022 class=\u0022caption caption-img align-center\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Solar Irradiance\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00222b123eda-2794-4c6d-8900-d33cbc2e9cfb\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/South-Africa_PVOUT_mid-size-map_156x161mm-300dpi_v20170925.png\u0022 /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003Cfigcaption\u003ESolar irradiance map of South Africa\u003C/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMyth 5 \u2013 Hail will break PV panels\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EPanels are tested with 2.5cm stones blasted at 80km per hour. Even in the country\u2019s most prolific hail regions, hail very rarely will crack a solar panel.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMyth 6 \u2013 Solar panels don\u2019t work when it\u2019s cloudy\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ESolar radiation is absorbed or reflected by clouds, resulting in a reduced amount of solar energy generated during cloudy weather. However, the amount of radiation that passes through the clouds depends on the type of cloud and its thickness. Solar panels will very rarely stop generating during cloudy weather for the simple reason that clouds don\u2019t completely block sunlight. If this were the case, surely it would be completely dark outside during bad weather?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMyth 7 - Going off the grid is not financially viable\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EDepending on the area in which you are located, going off grid could be a financially viable option. It is dependent on the electrical tariff structure and power security in the area.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMyth 8 \u2013 I\u2019m installing solar so I can feed back into the grid\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EWhile this may be the case overseas, it isn\u2019t yet the norm in South Africa. Of the 278 municipalities approximately 5 allow grid feedback. Grid feedback is the way of the future, unfortunately it\u2019s a work in progress.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThinking about solar? Or perhaps you\u2019re frustrated with load shedding and need advice on back-up power options? Either way, \u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:hello@magnetgroup.co.za?subject=Solar Enquiry\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Econtact us\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/a\u003E! We\u2019re here to help you.\u00A0\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Jan 2021", "terms": "Solar, Education" }, { "title": "LEARN | Transient Earth Faults", "nid": "458", "body": "\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003ETransient earth faults can be dangerous to your workforce, and can also be the cause of significant downtime. Is your facility adequately protected against them?\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIn this article, we\u2019re giving you a basic understanding of transient earth faults, how to detect them and how to prevent them.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDescribing Transient Earth Faults\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\nA transient earth fault is an inadvertent fault that occurs when a conductive path is created between the phase and ground conductor. It results in the electrical system being short-circuited and this current then flows through the system.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe cause of Transient Earth Faults \u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\nEarth faults in an overhead transmission or distribution line can be caused by either a natural phenomenon or the failure of an insulator. Examples of natural phenomena are a lightning-induced overvoltage. Insulators are used on overhead lines to provide insulation between the conductor and the metallic tower which is connected to earth. In the event of an insulation failure, the fault current will flow through the live conductor and the metallic tower to earth.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cfigure role=\u0022group\u0022 class=\u0022caption caption-img align-center\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Lightning \u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022859841d6-88fb-49eb-8a67-041c4f81950a\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/Lightning%20on%20lines.jpg\u0022 /\u003E\n\u003Cfigcaption\u003ELightning strike on an overhead transmission line\u003C/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EExplaining Contact Voltage\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\nA voltage is induced when the earth fault current flows through the protective earth conductor. This voltage exists between the exposed conductor part and the main earthing point. The magnitude of the voltage is a function of the earth fault current and the impedance of the protective earth conductor between the fault and earthing point.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EThe induced voltage is referred to as the contact voltage (U\u003Csub\u003Ec\u003C/sub\u003E). It represents the magnitude of the voltage experienced if a living being had to come in contact with the earthed conductive part.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDetection of Transient Earth Faults\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\nWhen there is an earth fault in a conductor, at the start of the earth fault, three events occur at the same time...\u003Cbr /\u003E\nLearn more about the science behind the detection of transient earth faults here:\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.a-eberle.de/sites/default/files/media/I006-1-D-1-001-04_Infobrief%20Nr%2006-EN.pdf\u0022\u003Ehttps://www.a-eberle.de/sites/default/files/media/I006-1-D-1-001-04_Infobrief%20Nr%2006-EN.pdf\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDamage associated with Transient Earth Faults\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\nAn earth fault may energise conductive parts that are expected to be at the same potential as ground. This can lead to a living being experiencing an electric shock if they had to come in contact with the earthed conductive part. Electrical arcing hazards can also be caused by earth faults and these may result in fires, explosions, injury or even death.\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cfigure role=\u0022group\u0022 class=\u0022caption caption-img align-center\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Open flash\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022ed93d36e-c64e-4ec9-85f7-7d6b13c350ee\u0022 src=\u0022/cms/drupal8-magnetgroup/sites/default/files/inline-images/open-flash-1024x809.jpg\u0022 /\u003E\n\u003Cfigcaption\u003EElectrical arcing hazard\u003C/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPrevention of Transient Earth Faults\u003C/strong\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\nEarth fault relays are implemented in transformers as well as medium and high voltage systems. They are designed to sense fault currents that are much greater in magnitude. These relays operate by sensing the high current that flows to the grounded neutral of the transformer when a phase to ground fault occurs. The earth fault relay is connected to the trip circuit of the circuit breaker and opens it in the event of an earth fault.\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022text-align-justify\u0022\u003EIs your facility protected against earth faults? Chat to our electrical experts for overcurrent protection, voltage regulation and much more!\u003C/p\u003E\n", "created": "Jan 2021", "terms": "Electrical, Education" } ]